and axle shop is located at the north end of the repair shop and the first two tracks at the north end of this shop are used for truck repairs. The tin shop is located at the south end of the repair shop. Cars are washed on tracks at south end of paint shop.

Cars are stripped in the yard in good weather, or on wash tracks if not favorable. From the washing tracks the car is taken to repair shop, then back to paint shop for painting and finishing. Paint is burnt off on wash tracks. Steel cars are not sand blasted but paint is removed with a solution on the wash tracks.

N. P. Como Shops at St. Paul (Fig. XII)

In normal times the output from this shope is 40 general repairs with 350 to 400 men.

The passenger car repair plant consists of three main buildings, two of which are devoted to coach and painting and the third to miscellaneous work. A long transfer table lies between the two main buildings and serves also the miscellaneous and a small freight car shop. In the miscellaneous building are the truck shop, the wheel and machine shop, the tin shop, air brake room, and steamfitters' benches. The wood mill also occupies one section of this building. The upholstery and cabinet work occupies the second floor. The two coach shops are each divided into two sections, the north ends being used for repair work and the south ends for painting. Each track holds two coaches. The connecting structure at the south end of the transfer table is used for paint mixing.

The cars are taken to coach repair shop either via transfer table or directly from tracks, stripped and repaired. It then moves to paint shop where it is washed, painted, and trimmed. Paint is burned off in the repair shop and sand blasting is done in the open yard. The six-wheel trucks are taken to truck shops for repairs but the others are repaired on the coach repair track.

Pennsylvania Shops at Altoona, Pa. (Fig. XIII)

During normal times the output from these shops is 70 general and around 160 light repairs per month with about 1,200 men.

The passenger car department is confined between the main line on one side with the city on the other, and the freight car repair plant at the other end.

The plant consists of two passenger car erecting or repair shops with longitudinal tracks and one coach paint shop with transverse tracks served by a transfer table. The larger repair shop has six tracks holding three or four cars each. The smaller shop, with three tracks holding five cars each, has an overhead traveling crane and is used for heavy car repair work, locomotive cab work, and the building of new coach tracks.

The coach paint shop has 19 tracks holding two cars each. Two tracks are set aside for washing. The sash and door varnishing is done in one end and at the other end are constructed three ovens for baking the paint and an addition for paint mixing. The mill, the blacksmith and the machine shops are in separate buildings centrally located.

SECTION OF PAINT SHOP

IS TON CRANE

SECTION OF REPAIR SHOP

STORAGE

TRANSFER TABLE

The tin shop is on the second floor above machine and sheet metal shops. Plumbing and upholstery work is done in a separate trimming shop where coaches are taken to be trimmed after paint work is completed.

Cars on entering shops are stripped in the yard on tracks adjacent to trim shop, taken to wash tracks in paint shop, then moved to one or the other of the repair shops, back to the paint shop and finally to the trim shop. Sand blasting is done in an isolated building back of the old roundhouse.

M. St. P. & S. S. M. Shorahan Shops at Minneapolis (Fig. XIV) In normal times about 21 general repairs are turned out per month at these shops with around 200 men.

The passenger car shops form a part of a central plant where repairs are given to all classes of equipment. The Locomotive Department lies to the east and the freight repair tracks are on the north. The passenger car plant consists of two coach shops, one on either side of the transfer table and a wood mill, which is located to the south of them. The sash and door work is taken care of on the second floor of the west shop. The upholstery, cabinet, and brass shops are located in the second floor of the mill building. Electrical and battery work is done at the north end on the first floor of each coach shop. The machine and blacksmith shops, which lie to the east, are used jointly with the Locomotive Department. The tin shop is on the second floor of the machine shop. The wheel shop is located in a separate building, at a considerable distance off to the south of the coach shops.

Both coach shops are used for repair and paint work. Cars are taken into the shop, stripped, washed, repaired, painted, and trimmed on the same track. Trucks are repaired in the yard and the sand blasting is also done in the yard.

Union Pacific Shops at Omaha, Neb. (Fig. XV)

The monthly output in normal times for this plant averages 28 general and five to ten light repairs with about 175 men employed exclusively on passenger car work.

These shops form a part of a large central plant where repairs are given to all classes of equipment. The car shops consist of two main buildings separated and served by one transfer table. With the exception of the wood mill and paint supply house, all departments in connection with passenger car work are under the roofs of these two shop buildings. The building on the south side of the transfer table is used for the paint shop. At the east end of this building is the truck and wheel shop and at the west end is the sash and door department. The coach repair shop joins on to the steel freight car repair shop and lies on the north side of the transfer table. Miscellaneous departments such as the upholstery, cabinet, plating, etc., are located at the west end of the coach repair shop.

The cars on entering the shops are taken to a permanent hoist, which is located outside at the west end of the repair shop. Here the bodies

are removed from the trucks and placed on dollies. Car body is stripped at this point, after which it is taken into either the repair or paint shop where it is washed, repaired, painted, and trimmed on the same track. After the car body is finished, it is brought out to the permanent hoist and the trucks applied.

Wabash Shops at Decatur, Ill. (Fig. XVI)

In normal times the output of this plant is 13 general and 40 light repairs per month.

There is only one coach shop. It is flanked on the south by the storehouse and on the north by a miscellaneous building. The Car Department lies to the east of the Locomotive Department and the two are entirely separate. The freight car department lies to the south of the coach shop between it and the main line tracks. The coach shop has four longitudinal tracks holding five to six cars each. In the miscellaneous building are the cabinet, pattern, sash and door, upholstery, tinshop, and plating departments. The blacksmith and machine shops occupy a building lying to the south of the storehouse and coach shop with the wood mill to the west.

The cars are taken into the coach shop where they are stripped, washed, repaired, and trimmed on the same track. The trucks are repaired on the same track with the car. Sandblasting of the steel cars is done in the open yard.

Pullman Company Shops at Pullman, Ill. (Fig. XVII)

There are five separate shops in which cars are repaired, built and painted. These shops have 85 tracks holding two cars each and 15 tracks holding one car each, making a total capacity of 185 cars. Main shop buildings are so arranged that they are served by transfer tables on one or both sides, and all buildings have transverse tracks. With the exception of two large coach shops, all of the main buildings are grouped together at the southeast corner of the plant. The plant, of course, is used for both the manufacturing of new cars and the repair of existing equipment, and has been extended from time to time to keep apace with the growth of the Pullman Company.

Cars coming into the plant for repairs are stripped in the yard, opposite the upholstering shop. Trucks are removed from the cars in several places in the yard and also in the shop. The cars are then taken to the repair shop where the necessary repairs are given and are then removed to paint shop for finishing and trimming. The cars under construction progress through from shop to shop, starting in with the underframe work in the steel shop and ending in the paint shop where they are finished and painted.