The tables contained in Annex XII show the number of sanitary declarations and inspections made in Santiago during the year 1906.

It is to be regretted that the limited number of these inspectors-there are only two for the whole country-prevents them from extending their functions. We suppose that the new project of sanitary legislation will increase the number of these inspectors, the lack of more of which has been made manifest by the last epidemic.

The Division of Sanitary Inspection is also charged with the preparation of the "Sanitary Table of Santiago," a special register in which are recorded, by blocks, the plans of each building, with a statement of its sanitary conditions, alterations that should be made, conditions around the neighborhood, and cases of infectious diseases that have been reported to the Institute of Hygiene.

The Sanitary Register of Santiago is a work of great importance to the prophylaxis of the capital and which does credit to its authors.

Annex XIII contains a form of these tables. In Annex XIV is a statement of the services rendered gratis, and for compensation, by the Institute of Hygiene, and which shows the work done by this institution in behalf of the public welfare.

HARBOR AND SEWER WORKS; DISINFECTORIES; DWELLINGS FOR WORKINGMEN; IMMIGRATION; SLAUGHTERHOUSES,

AND SANITARY SERVICE OF AN EARTHQUAKE.

In methodical pursuance of the indications contained in the provisional program that served as a basis for our Report, we beg to refer to paragraph (b) which says: "A report on the condition of the ports of his country, specifying the works which may have been executed therein, those in course of construction and those which are projected, as well as the manner in which the problem of water supply, proper sewerage and of the connection of house drains with that system of sewers has been resolved, as well as the methods that have been employed or are proposed for the sanitation of the dwellings."

PORTS.

In Chile we have, in this respect, no work under construction; but there are some projects that are under consideration for the ports of Mejillones, Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Constitución, Coronel and Valdivia.

In annex A will be found some laws and other data, among which the following will be observed:

Ist. A decree of April 7, 1906, by which an approval is made of the plans of the city plant project and of the improvement of the port of Mejillones, in which it is ordered that a message to the National Congress be sent, requesting that the minor port already mentioned be raised to the main class.

2d. Law No. 1835, of February 12, 1906, authorizing to contract a loan of (£1,500,000) one million five hundred thousand pounds, sterling, in order to carry out the defense works of Valparaíso, sewer work of Talca and Concepción and supply and improvement of the water works of various cities.

3d. Law No. 1816, of February 13, 1906, authorizing an expenditure for the construction of improvement works of the port of Antofagasta.

4th. Decree of June 19, 1906, authorizing Messrs. Gustavo Ried and Julio Torrealba for the construction of harbor or interior basin at Constitución.

SEWERS.

Their present condition in Chile is the following: Modern Sewer Systems in Working Order:

Iquique.-Estimated population in 1905, 43,500 inhabitants. It has a network of water conduits of small diameter for refuse water. The draining is made with sea-water, mechanically raised and distributed through a special network. It never rains here, which fact, consequently, was taken into consideration. (Annex B.)

Valparaiso.-Estimated population in 1905, 150,962 inhabitants. The separate system is employed. The refuse waters go through a special network, and are raised mechanically (4.50 meters) to empty in the sea. There are great trenches, normal to the coast, that collect the rain water of the city, as well as that of the

mountains surrounding it. Presently more than three-fourths of the city is provided with a special drainage network, and the remainder is contracted for.

SEWERS UNDER CONSTRUCTION.

Santiago-Estimated population in 1905, 400,000 inhabitants. The drainage project is based on the unitary system; the plan of the network has been designed in a zig-zag form, and continuous drainage has been adopted. The refuse waters go by gravitation to the Mapocho River. The network has a total spread of 304 kilometers. The amount to be paid as per contract is $16,785,000 gold of 18 pence, of which amount the sum of $3,730,000 is allotted for the enlargement and improvement of the water service and paving.

Annex C shows us a plan of the city of Santiago with its sewer and drainage system, which, as it will be seen, joins the waters of the Mapocho River. In the sewer system, the interior dimensions vary from 0.30 m. to one meter. The concrete collectors, from 0.90 cm. to 3.50 m., the inferior ones being ovoid in shape, for a length of about one meter and seventy-five centimeters, and those of larger size than the above mentioned, have a cylindrical shape.

It was the object of a careful study, to determine whether the ovoid profile should be placed with its sharpest end in the upper or in the lower parts. The result of this investigation has been to select the broad side to be placed at the base and the thinner on the top, which has, among other things, the following advantages: Greater resistance, easier access, and, because of a smaller radius, it is comparable to that of the circular profiles, that precede or follow the ovoid, and there is more harmony between them.

The drainage system starts with a dimension of one meter and ends with one of 0.25 cm. The accepted drainage system has a necessary capacity to carry the refuse waters of a population that, in the future, it is supposed will be double of the present; that it may carry a rain considered as regular fall at Santiago, the intensity of which is of 70 liters per second and per hectare. Heavier rainfalls, as an average, occur once a year.

Illustration No. 9, of the Annex, shows that the greatest rainfall under observation is that of June 16, 1902, in which case it reached an intensity of 80 liters per second and per hectare, for nearly two minutes.

Modern European canalizations are not constructed with a capacity to carry the heaviest rainfalls that have occurred or that may occur in the future; this would lead to the construction of gigantic works that very few cities could afford to carry out, and no proportional advantages could be derived therefrom; if such a sewer system should be constructed to have a capacity for the heaviest rains recorded in Santiago, many millions would have to be spent to save the city for a few hours of a century of troubles of less magnitude than those it endures today in winter time. Due to many causes; percolation, retention in the irregularities of the soil and lower planes, existence of absorbing wells, evaporation, etc., etc., the rain that reaches the canalization is less than the volume of the fallen rain in a proportion of about half, as may be seen in illustration No. 13 of the Annex.

According to the latest Annual Reports of the Water Enterprise, relative to the influence over the consumption, the improvements of the drainage network, and the establishment of the sewer system, for 1910, the consumption of 120 liters per day and per capita has been accepted. For the maximum refuse water in the future, taking place simultaneously as the maximum rainfall, which determines the capacity of the network, 300 liters per day and per capita has been accepted, supposing that the maximum consumption in 24 hours is double the average.

As annex, I also accompany a resumé of the final project relating to the regulations governing the dwelling installations.

Viña Del Mar.-The Illustrious Municipality has contracted with the firm of Hughes and Lancaster of London regarding the construction of the city drainage.

SEWER SYSTEMS, FOR WHICH BIDS HAVE BEEN ASKED.

Concepción.-Said bids are being considered.

Talca. In March, 1908. A description and plans may be examined in Annex D. Antofagasta.-In October, 1908.

SEWER SYSTEM PRESENTLY UNDER CONSIDERATION.

Of Pisagua.
Of Copiapó.
Of Curicó.
Of Chillán.

As annex (E) will be found a table containing statistical data showing the percentage of deaths due to tuberculosis and typhoid fever in 1900, because it is the year in which complete information could be had for all the cities over 10,000 inhabitants. In tuberculosis the percentage has fluctuated between 8 and 10 per cent out of the general death rate. Regarding typhoid fever the variable cases have been the most intense, betwen I per cent at Santiago and 25 per cent recorded at Chillán. This enormous death rate was due to a great epidemic which occurred in that year. In 1904 it was lowered to 2 per cent, but a new epidemic in 1905 raised the percentage to 21.

In that table an observation may be made as to the present drainage systems in the various cities of that Republic having a population of more than 5,000 inhabitants. Out of 32 cities, 12 have drain trenches; II absorbing wells; 2 sewer system, and I drain canals.

The construction of sewer systems has begun in the most important cities, and where needed the most, in such a way, that the day is not far distant when all the 12 cities will have a complete sewer system.

PUBLIC DISINFECTORIES.

There are now, in readiness, to be distributed to various cities, 9 GenesteAntofagasta, Coquimbo, Lerena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Curicó, Talca, Chillán, Concepción and Punta Arenas.

A disinfectory heater has also been delivered to San Bernardo and another to Los Angeles, which will soon be put in operation.

There are now, in readiness, to be distributed to various cities, 9 GenesteHerschel heaters and two of the Clayton type.

The Director of the Santiago Disinfectory, from which the other disinfectories of the Republic are dependent (see Annex F. 1), has proposed, in a communication of August 20, 1907 (Annex F. 2), to distribute them in the following cities: At Arica, in order to complete the equipment at the disposal of the Sanitary Station of the North, installing as an annex to the pest house a public disinfectory that may also be useful to the needs of the same station; 2d, at Pisagua; 3d, at Talca; 4th, at Ovalle; 5th, at San Felipe; 6th, at Viña del Mar, 7th, at Coronel; 8th, at Valdivia, and 9th, at Puerto Montt.

In 1905 (Annex F. 3) the Illustrious Municipality of Santiago enacted a decree ordering the disinfection of carriages in public service, every two weeks.

DWELLINGS FOR WORKINGMEN.

One of the subjects that worries most the society of Santiago is the dwelling and the mode of living of the poorer class.

Private initiative is, to a great extent, responsible for the progress attained in this particular, at least in the city of Santiago. There are many towns that recently have been founded on these bases, and in which the small, secluded, dark, moist, etc., room has been replaced by independent living quarters, well ventilated, dry, and exposed to light. Such is the case with the towns of Pio IX, Ovalle, León XIII, and many others.

The Supreme Government, on February 20, 1906, enacted a law that creates "Councils for Workingmen's Dwellings" (Annex G), which are departmental councils, and Superior Council that seats at Santiago and is also the Council of that Department.

For this purpose the sum of $6,000,000 was voted.

IMMIGRATION.

Long before the earthquake it was observed that there was a scarcity of help in the center and the south of the Republic. This was a cataclysm in which were torn down many houses, and in some towns, like Limache, all of them.

It was already a year since the paving and sewer works required a great number of workingmen.

By the middle of this year, the Minister of the Interior sent a circular to the Intendants and Governors, requesting them to furnish statistical data as to the scarcity of workingmen in the various industries and agricultural works of the central and southern zones. After due consideration of the matter, in the localities, the authorities made an estimate of the actual and urgent need of workingmen, and it was found by the alluded officials that 40,000 men were necessary for various industries in that Republic.

Wages were very high in Santiago; they were doubled to start with, and quadrupled in other places, like Valparaíso.

The Government did not lose any time to promote immigration in order to find a solution to this alarming state of things.

A year prior to the earthquake, on June 24, 1905, it had put into effect a regulation for free immigration (Annex R. 1).

With the purpose of extending this service and in order to draw the best possible benefits from it, it put in effect, on September 25th, of the current year (Annex K. 2), a new regulation, much more complete than the previous one, by which an office, dependent of the Ministry of Foreign Relations, is created in Europe, and called "General Agency of Immigration," with the following personnel:

The Sanitation, either in connection with the personnel of the public immigration, or with regard to the public hygiene are duly taken into consideration in the program and regulations of immigration. A medical staff ad hoc will prevent the arrival in the country of weak or feeble persons, or those suffering from contagious diseases.

The arrival of immigrants during the last three years was as follows:

1905
1906

1907, up to Sept., inclusive.

SLAUGHTER HOUSE SERVICE.

293 1,221 4,828

These services have also been the subject of special attention during the last two years. On August 14, 1905, the Government enacted a law ordering the reconstruction of the slaughter house of Valparaíso (Annex I), according to the latest hygienic exigencies. In September last, one of its section was put in operation.

In Santiago, two projects on model slaughter houses have been submitted to the Municipality, but this Corporation, so far, has not taken any decision.

SANITARY SERVICE OF THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1906.

Before concluding this section, we must take up a subject that deserves to be considered, viz: the public assistance at Valparaíso in the days following the catastrophe of August 16, 1906.

These grave circumstances required very severe measures to be taken, dwellings were demolished, tombs and coffins were opened in the cemeteries, 2,000 corpses in state of putrefaction among the demolished drain trenches; everything tended to menace the spread of patogenic elements that would have as an easy prey an exhausted people, without shelter and without proper food.

The corpses of the cemeteries or those that accumulated in public places were covered with quicklime. The scarcity of transportation facilities in the mountains made it necessary to cremate, by the hundred, those that were found in such places.

It was also necessary to cremate, or to bury a great number of animals found in the ruins, especially in the Central Livery Stables.

People lived in public places, avenues and broad streets that soon became foci of infection, due to lack of drainage, urinaries and water closets; this cir

cumstance being remedied with the immediate construction of drainage conduits and numerous water closets.

A special party was charged to daily visit and clean those closets, leaving them in good condition and properly disinfected. Each encampment had a special place designated for the accumulation of garbage. Ten days later, that is, on August 26th, it was estimated that 20,000 persons were living in improvised encampments. The streets were watered with solutions of copper sulphide or iron; the drain trenches with cresol and phenol, and the garbage was burned.

The Sanitation personnel had also to interfere in the hygiene of tents, bowers, houses, dispensaries and hospitals.

The service for drinking water was also promptly established, by placing a great number of spigots in each encampment.

The number of dead was more or less 2,000, which is, for a population of 150,000 inhabitants, at the rate of 1.33 per cent, or somewhat greater than that of San Francisco, Cal., in which catastrophe 452 persons died, out of a population of 350,000, which is at the rate of only 0.12 per cent.

The number of wounded in that port reached 3,800. Annex J graphically shows us that those wounded in the head and hands were greater in number. Fractures occurred especially in the knees, and next in the feet, and, finally, the greatest number of dislocations were mainly of the shoulders and then the ankles. Full information regarding this service can be had in the booklet entitled "Medical Service of an Earthquake," that in the name of my distinguished colleague, Dr. José Grossi, its author, I have the honor to present you with a few copies.

REPORT OF DRS. GENARO PAYAN AND RICARDO GUTIERREZ LEE, DELEGATES FROM COLOMBIA.

Unfortunate circumstances foreign to the will of our Government were the cause that prevented Colombia from participating in the previous Pan-American Conventions that were held in Washington.

But on this occasion to which she has again been invited she sends her Delegate and hastens to take part in the transactions of this Convention whose beneficial results for the Continent and the West Indies are palpable.

It has been, and it is, an arduous task for Colombia to carry out the provisions of modern public hygiene because her position in the center of the Torrid Zone, the topography of her land abundantly provided with valleys irrigated by numerous rivers, with high mountains and extensive coasts on both oceans, whose territorial area covers four hundred thousand square miles, still lacking in adequate means of communication and having scarcely five million inhabitants, the action of the Health Department has not yet been felt with all its force; the Republic has, however, in some of her ports means for the preservation of public health at any given moment.

It was thus, that during the two years that the Bubonic plage ravaged the coasts of the Republic of Peru, we were able to completely protect ourselves against said disease although the important shipments of salt from Paita and Sechura to the Colombian Ports of Buenaventura and Tumaca had never been interrupted.

Neither has yellow fever appeared in our coast for some time although the ports are situated in a latitude appropriate for its development, and in spite of the fact that in certain seasons of the year we have considerable number of Stegomia Fasciata which are entirely harmless due to the absolute lack of the virus in the country.

On our Atlantic coast where the commercial and immigration movement is greater, a few exotic cases appear which are never propogated among adult natives but among non-acclimated foreigners and among children although in a benign form; the acute cases are called Borras Fever.

In the interior we have very few cases of yellow fever which only appears when large movements of population from the mountains to the valleys take place, under circumstances that modify totally the customs, climate, food of, and cause an unhealthy condition among the inhabitants of the highlands, where not one single case of the disease has been recorded.

One of the really alarming diseases which has hindered our progress so much