EXERCISES.

Unaccented.-counterpoint, envoy, cycloid, monochoid, trochoid, conchoid, rhomboid.

Accented.-I. Boyish, joyous, joyance, buoyant, coyish, annoying, loyal, loyalty, royal, royalty, moiety, voyage, voyager.

II. Boisterous, choice, cloister, coif, coistril, doit, foist, goitre, hoist, joist, loiter, moisture, noisome, oyster, poitrel, roister, quoit, voice, voiture. Joint, jointure, ointment, anoint, appoint, pointedness, pointless.

III. Boiler, broider, coyness, cloyment, doily, embroider, foible, hoiden, joinery, moidore, oily, poignant, poignancy, poison, poisonous, spoiler, toilet, voidable, xyphoides.

IV. Adjoin, avoid, broil, coigne, coil, droil, essoin, foil, groin, join, loin, moil, noise, noiseless, oil, poise, soil, soilure, spoiled, toilsome, void.

V. Alloy, boy, cloy, hoy, joy, soy, troy, annoy, employ, buoy, destroy.

ELEVENTH VOWEL.

OBSERVATIONS.-This is a formation intermediate to a(ll) and o(ld) which occurs in English instead of the latter vowel when before R in the same syllable. The 12th vowel is a closing diphthong, and the open element 8(R) could not be pronounced after it in one syllable. This has led to the omission of the second constituent of the diphthong, and the opening of the first, before R, to render the combination smoothly monosyllabic.

The open vowel quality of the English R draws all preceding closer vowels to a greater degree of openness than they have before articulations. This is particularly noticed in the cases of the 3rd and 12th vowels, which are regularly changed into the 4th and 11th before r(8) but the 1st and 13th-the closest vowels-equally illustrate the tendency. Very few uncultivated English speakers pronounce ee(1) or oo(13) distinctly before R, at least in conversational utterance. Such words as beard, hereafter, earwig, merely, &c. cure, your, pureness, &c., are flippantly pronounced, 2-8 and 11-8 instead of 1-8 and 13-8. However this may be passable in ordinary conversation, it must be reckoned objectionable in more deliberate speaking, or in reading. In some cases, the close element, instead of being opened, is altogether omitted before r(8), as in

cheerful, future, courtesy, pronounced by many speakers, cherful, futyur, curtesy or curtsy; but general custom warrants this elliptical utterance only in the last instance—the other words being correctly pronounced in full, che erful,

13-8

future, &c.

11-8

1-8

There is a delicacy in the softly blending English combination o re which is worthy of the attention of provincial speakers—especially of Scotchmen, whose pronunciation of these letters is peculiarly harsh. In this lies one of those little points, which are, perhaps, the most difficult to be separately appreciated, yet which give to dialects their most prominent features.

That the English 11(o-re) is not the same as the radical part of the 12th vowel (O-oold), but a more open formation, will be evident on comparing the Scotch and English pronunciations of such words as ore, shore, chorus, porus, &c. The Scotch o is the simple radical part of the English 0—oo(12) ; but it is distinctly different from the o(11) before R in English. The rapid alternation of the proximate formation aw-oh, aw-oh, &c., or oh-aw, oh—aw, &c., will lead the ear to recognise the medial sound. The R final or before an articulation must not be trilled.

The monosyllabic combination 11-8 does not invariably supercede the dissyllabic form 12-8; but in personal nouns, such as rower, sower, mower, &c., the vowel retains it diphthongal quality, and these words are thus distinguished from such as roar, soar, more, &c.

Unaccented.-Forebode, forecast, foreclose, foredoom, forefend, forego, foreknow, foreknowledge, foreshone, forestal, foretel, forewarn, forereach, foreshorten, fourteen, portfolio, portcullis, portmanteau, pourtray, sycamore, transport, (s.) import, (s.) bezoar, deportation, larboard, purport.

Accented.-Borax, boreas, doree, dorian, floral, forum, glory, glorious, glorify, gory, hoary, horal, koran, morion, oriel, orient, oriole, quorum, roral, scoria, scorify, sory, storax, story, storied, tory, torus, decorum, aurora, porous, canorus, censorious, chlorus, chorus, choral, inglorious, psora, pylorus, sonorus, thorax, immemorial, Marmorean, notorious, uxorious, victorious; coarse, course, court, courtier, courteous, courtship, force, forcible, forth, fourthly, hoarse, porch, pork, port, portly, portable, porter, porte, portico, port-hole, portion, portrait, portraiture, source, sportive, sportsman, sport, transport, (v.) report, support, apportion, deforce, deportment, fort, forte, import,

discourse, discourteous, disproportion, divorce, enforce, perforce, proportion, recourse, report, support; board, borne, bourn, ford, forefather, forefinger, foremast, foremost, forecastle, foreground, foreland, forelock, foreman, forenoon, forepart, foresight, foretaste, forerank, forge, form, (a seat,) fourfold, gourd, hoard, mourn, shorn, sorn, sword, sworn, torn, tournament, towards, untoward, afford, untorn, unworn, horde, upborne; boar, bore, core, corps, door, encore, explore, floor, fore, four, gloar, hoar, lore, more, oar, o'er, ore, pore, pour, roar, score, shore, snore, soar, sore, store, swore, tore, wore, yore, adore, ashore, before, restore, implore, explore, ignore, restore.

OBSERVATIONS.-This formation is, in English, invariably associated with the closer form oo, producing a labial diphthong, 12-13, corresponding to the lingual diphthong 3-1.

The radical part of this diphthong is somewhat closer than the preceding element o(re)(11), but it is hardly, perhaps, so much as half way between it and oo(ze)(13.) The diphthongal habit tends to make the English mouth throw this sound too open, so that the combination is sometimes even in danger of being confounded with 7-13; but this is an extreme: less degrees of openness, however, particularly to o(11), are very common. In this respect,

as well as in several other points already noticed, there is a striking analogy between vowels 3 and 12.

Q

A very common fault in the mechanism of this sound consists in a pursed projection of the lips to "something like the shape of the letter o," (as the student is actually directed in many of our Elocution books ;) but the roundness of the mouth must be internal, not external. The lips, for expression's sake, should be used as little as possible in speech. To form this vowel the tongue should be well depressed backwards, while the lips simply approximate a little. This inward formation of O is, besides, productive of a mellowness of tone which is particularly agreeable, especially in public speaking.

The tendency of diphthongs to slide colloquially into a sound intermediate to their component elements, is illustrated in a very common Provincial English utterance of this vowel-noted in our General Vowel Scheme, (page 28,) as the 2nd Labial Formation.

In Scotland this element, when attempted, is pronounced monophthongally. The vowel may be perfectly Anglicised, by simply allowing the sound to taper into oo before closing.

12

12

The Northern Student will at first be apt to overdo this in quantity, but after a little practice he will have no difficulty in giving the requisite abruptness to the combination. He may take confidence from our assurance, and he may easily assure himself by experiment, that in the shortest utterance of the English vowel the diphthongal quality is really heard. By comparing the English and Scotch pronunciations of words containing o(12) before P, T, or K, as hope, moat, yoke, &c. he will satisfactorily and readily ascertain this fact.

In Scotland the sound of a(3 monophthong) is common instead of o(12), as in hăme for home, stăne for stone, alăne for alone, &c. In some districts a closer lingual sound is used in such cases, and we hear steen for stone, been for bone, &c.

The 12th formation is comparatively seldom heard in Scotland: its most usual substitute, however, is the 10th. Words in which the 12th vowel is represented by ou or ol, as soul, mould, folk, bolster, &c. are pronounced with the diphthong 9-13 in Scotland. In Ireland a similar pronunciation occurs, but not to the same extent. The 12th formation (but monophthongal) is usually sounded in Ireland in words pronounced with that vowel in English.

Unaccented.-Alogy,

EXERCISES.

also, allocation, amphiboly, anachronism, analogy, anecdote, annotate, antagonist, antelope, antonomasia, apogee, apoplexy, apostrophe, apotheosis, apposite, approbation, arrow, artichoke, autograph, barrow, bellicose, benevolence, bifold, bilbo, billow, borough, borrow, botanic, brocade,

broccoli, buffalo, burrow, callow, cameo, canopy, cargo, cenotaph, chromatic, chronology, coact, coagulate, coalesce, cocoon, coerce, coeval, cohabit, cohere, colony, colossus, coquette, coronal, cosecant, crocodile, cuerpo, cupola, cynosure, daffodil, derogate, disobey, dissonant, domestic, dominion, echo, elbow, elocution, eloquent, embargo, embryo, esoteric, exodus, fallow, farrago, fellow, follow, foment, frivolous, furlough, furrow, grotesque, halo, harrow, hollow, hyperbole, immolate, imposition, inmost, inchoation, indolent, innocent, innovate, inuendo, insolate, insolent, intaglio, interrogate, introduce, inviolable, iodine, junto, kinsfolk, leo, limbo, malevolence, manifesto, manifold, marigold, marrow, mausoleum, meadow, mellow, methodize, metropolis, mezzo, minnow, mistletoe, Mogul, molest, molasses, monopolize, monotone, motto, mulatto, mosquito, myopy, narrow, negro, neoteric, nitrogen, nobility, nosology, notation, obese, obeisance, obedient, obituary, oblige, obloquy, obsolete, omit, omnipotent, opaque, operose, opinion, ottoman, ovolo, palmetto, panado, panoply, peony, philosophy, pillow, pleonasm, poetical, polemic, police, position, potato, primrose, proboscis, proceed, proclaim, procure, produce, (v.) profane, profess, profile, prolate, quotation, quotidian, ratio, reciprocal, re-echo, reprobate, reproduce, rogation, romance, rondeau, rosette, rotation, scare-crow, scholastic, sciolist, sirocco, society, soever, solemnity, solicit, solidity, sorrow, stiletto, strappado, stucco, studio, sycophant, syllogism, symphony, syncope, synonyme, systole, tadpole, tallow, tenfold, theodolite, thorough, threshold, tobacco, tyro, upmost, variolous, vertigo, veto, violate, violin, virago, vocation, volition, wallow, zoology. Accented.-I. Boa, oasis, poet, proa, proem, stoic, goer, orthoepy, owing, mower, zoophyte.

II. Approach, appropriate, atrocious, betoken, bloat, blowpipe, boat, both, broken, broach, broke, choke, cloak, close, (a.) coach, coast, coat, coax, cocoa, cohobate, cohort, coke, connote, copal, cope, copious, croak, crocus, devote, devotion, dissociate, doat, dose, (s.) dotage, elope, emotion, encroach, engross, ferocious, float, focus, folk, grocer, grope, gross, hoax, hope, host, iota,