instinctively crowded together. Thus we wandered about in numerous bands to the "Kneipe," where our restlessness, however, would not suffer us long to stay; then to other pleasure resorts, where we fell into conversation with all manner of strangers, to find in them the same confused, astonished, and expectant state of mind; then back to the market square to see what might be going on there; then again somewhere else, and so on without aim and end, until finally late in the night fatigue compelled us to find the way home.

us.

The next morning there were the usual lectures to be attended. But how profitless! The voice of the professor sounded like a monotonous drone coming from far away. What he had to say did not seem to concern The pen that should have taken notes remained idle. At last we closed with a sigh the note-book and went away, impelled by a feeling that now we had something more important to do.-to devote ourselves to the affairs of the fatherland. And this we did by seeking as quickly as possible again the company of our friends, in order to discuss what had happened and what was to come. In these conversations, excited as they were, certain ideas and catchwords worked themselves to the surface which expressed more or less the feelings of the people. Now had arrived in Germany the day for the establishment of "German unity" and the founding of a great powerful national German Empire. In the first line the convocation of a national parliament. Then the demands for civil rights and liberties, free speech, free press, the right of free assem bly, equality before the law, a freely elected representation of the people with legislative power, responsibility of ministers, self-government of the communes, the right of the people to carry arms, the formation of a civic guard with self-elected officers, etc., etc.,-in short, that which was called a "constitutional form of government on a broad democratic basis."

Republican ideas were at first only sparingly expressed. But the word democracy was soon on many tongues, and many, too, thought it a matter of course that if the princes should try to withhold from the people the rights and liberties demanded force should take the place of mere petition. Of course, the regeneration of the fatherland must, if possible, be accom

CARL SCHURZ AT NINETEEN.

plished by peaceable means, but it must be accomplished at all events.

A few days after the outbreak of this commotion I reached my nineteenth birthday. I remember to have been so entirely absorbed by what was happening that I could hardly turn my thoughts to anything else. I, like all my friends, was dominated by the feeling that at last the great opportunity had arrived for giving to the German people the liberty which was their birthright, and to the German fatherland its unity and greatness, and that it was now the first duty of every German to do and to sacrifice everything for this sacred object. We were profoundly, solemnly, in earnest.

THE

MAYOR JOHNSON,

HE third election of Tom L. Johnson as mayor of Cleveland, by an increased plurality, makes especially timely the characterization of Mayor Johnson by Dr. E. W. Bemis in the December Arena. Mr. Johnson, himself a Democrat widely known as an advocate of the single tax, has achieved his victories in a strongly Republican city, where his ideas on taxation are distinctly unpopular. Dr. Bemis, who has served under him as head of the Cleveland water department, ascribes the mayor's success partly to his insistence on the destruction of special privilege, partly to his willingness to work for what is immediately attainable in municipal reform, and partly to his democratic faith in the people.

OF CLEVELAND.

In regard to Mayor Johnson's manner of conducting his office, Dr. Bemis says:

He has broad views of public policy and a keen desire for a clean, pure government, as well as for a government that can hold its own in the contest with special privileges. No man in Ohio has done so much as he against the spoils system and in favor of administrative efficiency. Referring to the matter at a time when disgruntled spoilsmen were fiercely demanding a surrender, he said of the merit system: "I believe it is good politics; but anyway, it is decent." As evidence of his broad views, one may instance also that during the past four and a half years in office he has effected great improvements in street paving and cleaning, the construction of sewers, the popularization of parks, the development of playgrounds, the efficiency of the water,

police, and fire departments, the separation of grade crossings, the management of the reformatory and of juvenile delinquents, and of many other matters.

EXECUTIVE CAPACITY COUPLED WITH KEENNESS OF PERCEPTION.

His capacity in at least two respects is extraordinary,-first, his executive capacity, an important evidence of which is his conceded ability to select strong subordinates and to impress them with somewhat of his own enthusiasm, and, second, his ability to look to the heart of the problem, whether of engineering or of political and economic science,-in other words, his power of perception. One of the most prominent civil engineers of the country, after contact with our mayor, pronounces his power of perception the greatest he has

ever met in a very wide acquaintance. Mr. Johnson has taken out many patents, some being of large value. This engineering ability joined to financial keenness greater than that hitherto shown by any of our reform leaders makes his advice in the development of municipal ownership along safe and rational lines invaluable. It has been often sought and freely given in more than one large city. His universally admitted success in giving Cleveland the purest, most efficient, government she has ever enjoyed, and one that is better than that of most, and possibly of all, the other forty cities in this country of over one hundred thousand population, has drawn to him the support of thousands of Republican voters who have not yet been converted to his taxation, public-ownership, home-rule, and direct-legislation policies.

A

DESCRIPTION of some of the most famous lighthouses of antiquity, particularly those which survive until the present or have been restored, appears in the monthly magazine Prometheus, of Berlin, by Herr Buchwald, a well-known German civil engineer. Of course, Herr Buchwald begins with the most famous lighthouse of olden times, the granite tower on the island of Pharos, at the entrance to the har bor of Alexandria, Egypt. This structure was known as one of the Seven Wonders of the old world, and it certainly must have made a great impression on the incoming mariner. Although the descriptions in classic literature of this famous lighthouse are very meager, a German architect, Professor Adler, of Berlin. has succeeded in reconstructing on paper the famous tower,-which we reproduce here.

The first stone of the Pharos lighthouse was laid by King Ptolemeus Logi, about the year 299 B.C. The structure was completed in ten years. The architect, Sostratos of Knidos, obtained royal permission to inscribe on the tower "Sostratos of Knidos, Son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods, Guiders of the Mariner." The cost of construction of the entire tower, we are informed, amounted to 800 talents of gold, equal to probably about $1,000,000 of our present currency. The height was 111 meters (approximately, 360 feet); and the beacon light, according to ancient tradition, was visible at a distance of thirty miles. The source of illumination is doubtful. The open shaft, with a pumping device, indicates that oil of some kind was used, and the lantern engraved on local coins eliminates the idea of the open wood fire. All through the wars of the Romans and Mohammedans, up to the middle of the seventh century, the lighthouse was kept in working order. After that, neglect and decay set in, and by the middle of the fourteenth century the famous lighthouse was little more than a ruin.

One of the other famous lighthouses of antiquity was the gigantic iron statue of Rhodes,

oracle forbade its reconstruction, the metal of the famous statue was sold by the conquering Arabs for what would be equal to $200,000 of our money to-day.

Beginning with Roman ascendency in Europe, we have more detailed and accurate information about lighthouses. The Roman lighthouse was characterized chiefly by its outside staircase, leading to the top, upon which an open wood fire was always kept burning. Probably the most symmetrical of these Roman structures was the tower erected at Ostia, the seaport of Rome, at the mouth of the Tiber, and finished during the reign of the Emperor Nero. The mightiest

of Roman lighthouses, however, was the one built by the Emperor Caligula at Boulogne-surMer, on the British Channel, in memory of his visit to Britannia. This tower, with the one at Corunna, on the coast of Spain, are the best preserved of ancient lighthouses. From old paintings we are able to get an idea of the original construction of the latter tower, which is the only one, excepting the Pharos, which is in any degree of preservation to-day. At the end of the eighteenth century, the Spanish Government restored this tower, and since that time it has served the shipping of the world without interruption.

THE

HE typical features of American college and university architecture are described in a series of papers contributed to Appleton's Booklovers Magazine by Christian Brinton. In the January installment, the new buildings at Harvard and Yale are described, some excellent drawings by Vernon Howe Bailey accompanying the text. Mr. Brinton rejoices in the revival of what he concedes the true spirit of Harvard architecture, namely, the colonial, or Georgian, style, which predominates in the most recent

THE MEMORIAL VESTIBULE, YALE. (Design by Carrére & Hastings.)

creations. An example of this reversion to the primitive simplicity of Harvard architecture is the new Harvard Union, which for years was the project of Colonel Higginson and was finally carried to a conclusion by Messrs. McKim, Mead & White. The Union is a great undergraduate and graduate club, which fulfills the social needs of university life in much the same degree as does Phillips Brooks' house the religious needs.

YALE'S NEW BUILDINGS.

Unlike Harvard, Yale has practically done away with all of her old buildings, and has not cared to preserve their architectural type. The Yale of to-day, declares Mr. Brinton, is neither local nor Georgian, but displays an unconvincing compromise between the delicate classicism of Messrs. Carrére & Hastings and the somewhat matter-of-fact Collegiate Gothic of Mr. Haight. Of the old Brick Row, only one building-the famous South Middle-remains. The most satisfactory architecture of modern Yale, according to Mr. Brinton, is to be found in the bicenten nial group of buildings, which owes its existence to the initiative of President Hadley. These buildings are the work of Messrs. Carrére & Hastings, of New York, and are suggestive of the Louis XVI. period. The portions thus far finished comprise the Memorial Vestibule and the Dining Hall, and the Woolsey Auditorium. Woodbridge Hall, Messrs. Howells & Stokes' new Administration Building, and Byers Memorial Hall (each of which, in a sense, belongs to the bicentennial group), are also in keeping with the general scheme as to style and construction. It would be difficult, says Mr. Brinton, t imagine anything "more logical, more captivating, or more discreetly decorative" than this scheme, which occupies an entire block.

HE death of Count Giuseppe Sacconi, archi

tect of the great monument to King Victor Emmanuel II. at Rome, has called forth from Italian reviews praise that to the stranger seems almost extravagant. The Italia Moderna (Rome) begins by saying:

Art has lost in this architect one who knew the great and profound significance of marbles, and of lines one of its most glorious devotees, and Italy one of her greatest sons. Rather, if to understand the nature, the life, and the will of the mother is to be the favorite son, the son of the spirit vast as space and deep as the sea, Italy has lost in Giuseppe Sacconi the greatest of her sons.

The Nuova Antologia (Rome), after remarking on the great projects he left uncompleted, says: "The name of Giuseppe Sacconi is, nevertheless, consecrated to fame. He is the first great artist

of the third Rome."

The enormous monument, largest of our times, which in a series of terraces crowned with statues and temples fills one slope of the Capitoline hill, has been nearly twenty years in construction, and is far from completed, though the details had all been worked out before the architect's death.

The slowness or its building, however, had enabled him to better the design constantly, and this intelligent alteration to produce the most. harmonious result can scarcely be done by another less imbued with the spirit of the creation. The design was one of three chosen from one

THE LATE ITALIAN ARCHITECT, GIUSEPPE SACCONI.

hundred and fifty in 1884, and was then selected by popular vote as the best of all. The Italia Moderna says:

If everything of our effort and of our nationality should be dispersed and disappear, the ruins of the Coliseum, of St. Peter's, and of the monument to Victor

Emmanuel,-the ruins of the works of our ancestors and of Giuseppe Sacconi,-would suffice to tell posterity that there once lived a people whose traditions of glory will never be forgotten; which was ever unique and the same through all the struggles of all the ages; which had a life of warlike glory, and grandiose and glorious traditions of art that from the dawn to the setting of that people never perished. Giuseppe Sacconi united in himself all the grandeur, the mighty forces, and the faith of the Italian spirit from antique Rome to modern Italy, from the first Rome to the third.

Among the other works of importance intrusted to Sacconi were the expiatory chapel at Monza, the tomb of King Humbert in the Pantheon, and the façade of Santa Maria degli Angeli, where Michael Angelo and Vanutelli

were his predecessors in fitting a modern church into the baths of Diocletian. This façade remains uncompleted. Count Sacconi was not only an artist. For many years he had been

a member of parliament, and there served art in another way, for, when matters of art were under discussion, he was always listened to as an authority who knew whereof he spoke.

THE

'HE reports of those members of Congress who visited the Philippines last summer on the invitation of Secretary Taft have been awaited with no little curiosity. Especial interest attaches to the observations of the Democratic and anti-imperialist members of the party, one of whom, Senator Francis G. Newlands, of Nevada, contributes to the North American Review for December a candid statement of his views and conclusions.

Senator Newlands begins with a frank admission of his own skepticism regarding the fitness of the Filipino people for self-government and an equally frank recognition of the essential agreement between President Roosevelt and William J. Bryan, the leaders, respectively, of the Republican and Democratic parties, respecting the ultimate relations of our government to that people. At the same time, he pays a cordial tribute to Secretary Taft, "whose fixed determination to conduct the government of the Philippines in the interest of the Filipino people as a sacred trust, uncontrolled by selfish considerations, had aroused the moral sentiment and challenged the admiration of the country." In short, Senator Newlands declares his belief that the best men of both parties are now intent upon solving the Philippine question in a manner consistent with the theory and the traditions of our government."

AN AGRICULTURAL BANK.

The Senator's observations of the Filipino people go far to confirm much that has been written concerning them by other American ob servers. He believes them capable of much development. Their leaders are assiduous in cultivating the popular aspirations for national independence, but naturally their conception of individual rights and liberties, in the AngloSaxon sense, is still obscure. Senator Newlands believes that there can be no permanent friendliness between the Filipinos and the Americans. In the meantime, however, the Philippine Commission is working out problems of good gov ernment, if not yet a government of the people or by the people, at least a government for the people.

Senator Newlands lays much stress on the

need of an agricultural bank, resembling those of Germany and Egypt, with a capital of at least ten million dollars. While the country is in a state of financial collapse," as described by the Manila Chamber of Commerce, we cannot expect such a bank to be organized by private capital. Senator Newlands states the case for a government bank in the following paragraphs:

An agricultural bank could loan the money necessary to introduce improved methods, particularly on the sugar plantations. It could also aid in the development of the four hundred thousand acres of land purchased from the friars, which are still on the hands of the insular government. Assisted by the Bureau of Agriculture, it could accomplish the development of the general agricultural interests of the islands upon a thoroughly modern and scientific basis. All moneys advanced could be properly secured upon the improvements made. And thus an insular agricultural bank, with a capital derived from the sale of insular bonds at 2 per cent., guaranteed by the United States, could do a business that would earn at least 6 per cent.

It will be economy for the United States to move generously and efficiently now. Economic distress may result in discontent that will cause outbreaks whose suppression will cost infinitely more than the aid at present needed. It must be remembered that the tropical islands have been languishing for years. The temperate zone has beaten the tropical zone in competition in sugar and tobacco. The outbreak of Cuba against Spain was largely due to economic distress caused by the low price of sugar; I think it likely that it has also had something to do with the contemporaneous discontent in the Philippines.

The insular revenues are now only about $9,000,000 in gold, to which may be added $3,000,000 in gold as the municipal revenues for Manila, and $2,000 000 in gold as the provincial and municipal revenues outside of Manila. Fourteen million dollars in gold is the sum that is now available annually for all purposes, insular, provincial, and municipal, in a government of seven million people. When we recall that the District of Columbia, with less than three hundred thousand people, requires about nine or ten million dollars annually for municipal and District purposes, it seems amazing that the Insular Commission should have accomplished so much with so little.

THE ABOLITION OF TARIFF DUTIES.

The policy of Philippine free trade might be expected to appeal to Senator Newlands, as a Democrat, with peculiar force, but he contends that the proposed arrangement,-namely, the abolition of the American duties on Philippine