haustively, but in an entertaining and literary style. In the field of politics alone are the dai. lies and weeklies maudlin. Their national politics are purely fulsome panegyric. Hence, the public reads these journals, but scorns them. Among the dailies, the most important, perhaps, is the Constitucional, of Carácas. It is the organ

of President Castro, and is subsidized by the government, which, in addition, gives to its management the lucrative work of public printing. The Constitucional has the most influential and widespread circulation of any newspaper published in South America outside of Rio Janeiro and Buenos Ayres, and its editor, Señor G. Rivas, who is a Porto Rican, is a man of wide culture. The Constitucional, indeed, is better edited than most of the dailies of Mexico and Central America. It has a circulation of about sixteen thousand, and costs two cents (American

value) per copy. It consists of four pages of general news and editorial matter, with a good deal of advertising. The Noticiero (News), edited by Señor José Amescua, is an afternoon journal, with an excellent cable service. The best-known of the afternoon dailies is prob ably, however, the Corresponsal (Correspondent). Other dailies of Carácas are the Diario Nacional (National Daily); the Grito del Pueblo (Cry of the People); the Combate (Struggle), bitterly anti-foreign and subsidized; the Religion, the excellently edited organ of the Catholics; and the Gaceta Oficial (Official Gazette). The lastnamed was established in 1872 by President Blanco. Altogether, there are nine dailies published in Carácas. Letras y Numeros, which is now about four years old, is an enterprising journal modeled largely after the provincial French dailies.

In Valencia, the second city of Venezuela, there are five dailies published, led by the Diario. Then there are the Discipulo (Disciple), the Catholic organ; the Centinela (Sentinel), semi-official; and the Cronista (Recorder), a bulletin of news. The Gaceta de Tribunales (Court Gazette) is pub. lished every evening.

Maracaibo has five dailies,-the Fonografo (Phonograph), the oldest daily newspaper in the country; the Ecos de Zulia (Echoes of the State), the Ciudadano (Citizen), the Avisador (Adviser), and the Agencia Maracaibo (Maracaibo Agent). There are four dailies published in Ciudad Bolivar. Merida has more dailies than any other city, ten in all, but they are not extensively circulated. In Coro there are three dailies, and there are a number of others throughout the smaller towns, La Guayra having two. Forty two dailies are published in the entire country. There are also two official biweeklies issued in

Venezuela ranks among the leading South American countries for artistically elaborate weeklies. The most important of these are the Semana (Week) and the Lira (Lyre), of Carácas. These contain choice fiction, description, and poetry. Immaculada, the Catholic illustrated weekly, supplies the devout with select reading. The Voz de la Nacion (Voice of the Nation) publishes conservative essays on economics. Italians read the Patria. Other weeklies, chiefly commercial, are the Dominical, the Anuncio, and the Realidad.

There are also several comic journals, the best known of which is Don Timoteo (Sir Timothy), of Valencia. The Cojo Ilustrado (Illustrated Cripple) is the most noted of the literary periodicals. It is a fortnightly, and contains only poems, short stories, and criticisms. Its literary tone is high, as is also its price, which is fifty cents in gold (equal to fifty American cents) per. copy. Cojo is considered the best of its kind in South America. It is edited by Señor J. M. H. Irigoyen.

Most of the public institutions publish monthly reviews. There are also a number of trade organs. La Industria, devoted to commerce and industry, is the leading monthly of its class, and is really a credit to its country. It is edited by

The existence of a vigorously edited press in the United States of Colombia was made evident during the agitation over the independence of Panama. A number of the dailies of Bogotá, it was discovered, have a wide circulation and influence, and, moreover, are excellently edited. They are generally poorly printed, however, and many of them have but an ephemeral existence, owing to the severity of the censorship and the instability of political conditions. Every new political situation produces a new journal. Sometimes the Church takes a hand and excommunicates the publication for some utterance. This generally has the effect of killing the newspaper. Within the last few months a sentence of excommunication was passed on a comic weekly, Mefistofeles, which soon ceased to exist. While frequently strong in editorial writing, the news service of the Colombian journals is very poor,

a fact no doubt due to the difficulty of communication with the rest of the world. The principal dailies of the capital are the Nuevo Tiempo, the Correo Nacional, the Colombiano, and the Blanco y Azul (White and Blue). The Nuevo Tiempo and the Correo Nacional are the most important publications of the republic. The first-named issues a literary edition weekly, which has recently begun to appear in illustrated form. Both these dailies are quite old, and have considerable influence. The editor of the Nuevo Tiempo is Señor Carlos Artur Lorreo, finance minister under President Marroquin. The editor of the Correo Nacional is Señor Eduardo Guzman, formerly Colombian consul-general at New York, and now a prominent citizen.

PERU.

The center of journalistic as well as general literary enterprise in Peru is Lima, which is also the center of politics and commerce. There are a number of illustrated journals with good cir culations published in the capital. Among the weeklies are the Actualidades, Novedades, Lucero, and Lima Ilustrado. Lima has also a dignified illustrated monthly, the Revista Pan Americana, which is devoted to politics and diplomatic mat

ters.

It also publishes the Ateneo, an exclusively literary quarterly. In Cuzco there is an influential fortnightly, the Agricultor; and in Piura three weeklies,-the Amigo del Pueblo, the Notici ero, and the Revista del Norte.

The best-known Peruvian dailies are the Comercio, organ of the party in power, which is the oldest and the best established, and the Prensa, organ of the opposition. The Heraldo, also gov ernmental, was founded by the national Peruvian poet, Chocano. The Opinion Nacional is the independent organ. It is particularly strong in editorials. The Peruvian dailies usually sell for two cents in silver, equivalent to one cent in American currency. Outside of Lima, the noteworthy dailies and semiweeklies are,—in Callao, the suburb and shipping port of Lima, the Reac cion and the Callao, both dailies; in Arequipa, the Bolsa and the Deber, dailies; in Trujillo, the Razon and the Industria, dailies, and the l'oz de Trujillo, every other day. In Mollendo there is an influential semiweekly, the Puerto.

ECUADOR.

The chief publication center of Ecuador is the metropolis, Guayaquil. The principal dailies of this city, which are well patronized, are the Nacion, the Telegrafo, the Tiempo, and the Grito del Pueblo. The Nacion is about twenty-five years old, and is the best-known journal of the country. The Grito del Pueblo is not so old, but has a wellestablished circulation and influence. Outside the capital, the most important daily is the Patria, of Quito, a comparatively new journal, which, however, is enterprising and successful. The only noteworthy monthly published in the country is the Ilustracion Ecuatoriana, of Guayaquil.

BOLIVIA.

Bolivia has a number of daily newspapers, most of the principal ones being published in La Paz. The principal ones of the capital are the Comercio de Bolivia, the Diario, the Estado, the Comercio, and the Nacional. In the prov.

inces, the following are worthy of mention : Potosi, the Tiempo; Cochabamba, the Heraldo and the Comercio; Santa Cruz, Estrella del Ori ente; Tarija, the Estrella de Tarija and the Pensamiento; Oruro, the Vapor.

All these are general newspapers, covering, in a more or less thorough way, the general news of the day, and also having literary and scientific features.

To the alumni and student members of Columbia University:

The action of the Committee on Student Organizations, taken by unanimous vote, in putting an end to the present game of football at Columbia University has my cordial approval, and I wish to state briefly why that action is in the best interest of the whole university.

Columbia University has no control, direct or indirect, over the present game of football. If played by our representatives, it must be played in the form and manner prescribed by a committee which the chairman of our University Committee on Athletics has appropriately described as "self-perpetuating, irresponsible, impervious to public opinion, and culpable in refusing to heed the increasingly dangerous, character of the game." The game which this committee has devised and developed is not a sport, but a profession. It demands prolonged training, complete absorption of time and thought, and is inconsistent-in practice, at least with the devotion to work which is the first duty of the college or university student. It can be participated in by only the merest fraction of the student body. Throughout the country it has come to be an academic nuisance because of its interference with academic work, and an academic danger because of the moral and physical ills that follow in its train. large sums received iny ate money are a tempta-' tion to extravagant med agement, and the desire for them marks the game as in no small degree a commercial enterprise. The great public favor with which even the fiercest contests are received is not a cause for exultation, but rather for profound regret."

The

We ourselves cannot reform this game, and| the experience of years has shown that the Rules Committee do not desire to reform it.

* The discussion of college football during the past season extended into the winter and culminated in the actual prohibition of the game at Columbia University. The series of brief statements from eminent educators published herewith fairly represents public opinion both within and without university and college circles.

Moreover, only a few of the evils of the game are seen on the playing field. Those evils are many, subtle, and controlling; they affect every phase of college and university life, and for some years past have reached down even into the secondary schools. They are moral and educational evils of the first magnitude.

Columbia University owes it to its traditions, its ideals, and its standards, as well as to the responsibility which it bears to its students, to put an end, so far as action by it can, to this state of affairs. It has done so. The act itself may seem sudden to some, but the convictions that led to the act have been years in forming.

It is urged that football is a great aid to the development of college spirit. Every member of the faculty is interested in the development of true college spirit and would do all in his power to promote it. But the contention that the present game of football is necessary to that end is wholly illusory. Even if it were not so, college spirit is too dearly bought if college intelligence and college morals are sacrificed for it. College spirit existed long before football was heard of, and will exist long after football is forgotten. We must get the qualities of manliness, loyalty, and courage built up on a moral foundation, and not allow them to rest upon a purely physical one-for in the last analysis a purely physical basis is a purely animal basis. There must be something to rest upon when the tumult and the shouting dies."

Our own athletic committees have for some years past rigidly enforced the strictest rules as to professionalism and academic eligibility. They point out that Columbia teams have at times been obliged to suffer defeat because of their firm adherence to those rules. These facts are known to the members of the Committee on Student Organizations, and therefore their action is in no sense to be interpreted as a censure of the football management at Columbia, but as a condemnation of the present game of football itself.

Since the action of our committee was made