INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

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Participation in activities is determined by a physician in all but 1 of these schools and all but 1 have a physical director. All activities are chosen by the students in 2 colleges; they are all determined by the school in 1; and in the remainder, some are elective. Formal gymnastics are a "regular part of the program" in 1; and find some place in the courses of 3 others. Two colleges are equipped with swimming pools; 1 has a golf course; and 2 have grounds and equipment for baseball and tennis. All have gymnasia, and in 2 of the 6, the floor space is considered adequate.

NORMAL SCHOOLS

Of the 78 normal schools, 53, or 68 percent, returned our questionnaire. In all but 5 there is a required course in physical education, but as the length of the entire course varies according to school from 1 to 4 years, the amount of time the student is obliged to spend in the gymnasium or playing field is not significant without reference to the years covered by the curriculum. Forty, or about 75 percent, of these schools employ a director of physical education and 31, or about 58 percent, have the services of a physician in determining the choice of physical activities for the students.

Thirteen, or about one-fourth, of these schools furnish facilities for swimming, and about one-half have grounds and equipment for tennis and baseball. Seven schools have golf courses. Intramural sports are carried on in one-half of these institutions, but participation seems often connected with the fulfillment of requirements in activity. About 70 percent of these institutions have a gymnasium and 33, or 43 percent, find their space adequate.

JUNIOR COLLEGES

Questionnaires were returned from 200, or about 45 percent, of the junior colleges. Of these 200 schools, 20, or 10 percent, make no provision for physical education. Nineteen do not have a required course in physical education, and in 1 coeducational school it is required of women only. In 110, or 68 percent, of the remaining 161 colleges, the requirement is 2 hours of work for 2 years. In 8 schools it is 2 hours in the freshman year; in 2, 3 hours; and in 1, 4 hours in this 1 year. One college requires 2 hours' work for 3

semesters. In 12 colleges 1 hour is scheduled in both years; in 1, 11⁄2 hours for these years; in 1, 21⁄2 hours for 2 years; in 13 (8 percent), the requirement is 3 hours for 2 years; in 4, 4 hours; in 2, 5 hours; in 1, 7 hours; in 1, 8 hours; in 1, 9 hours; and in 1, 10 hours. In 1 school 3 hours are spent in physical activities in the first year, 2 hours in the second, and in 1 these figures are reversed.

In 90, or 56 percent, of the colleges having a required course, academic credit is given.

In 70 percent of these 161 schools participation in physical activities is determined by a physician and all but 5 colleges report the employment of a director of physical education.

In 54, or one-third, of these colleges all physical activities are elective; in 78, or nearly one-half, some exercises are required of women only; and in 14 all the activities are prescribed for both men and women. Some formal exercises are made use of in 67, or about 40 percent. They are used for "corrective purposes" only in 11 colleges and for women only in 1 school. They are reported by one respondent as occupying "the entire time for the first 6 weeks and onethird of the time thereafter"; in another college they are used for "3 of the 4 semesters for 2 hours per week"; in 1 "for 2 semester-hours"; in 1 "in the winter quarter"; in 5 schools they form a "part of each session"; in 4 they are used "1 hour per week"; in 1 "40 percent of the time of women is given to gymnastics and 15 percent of that of the men"; in 1 they occupy one-half the time; in 5, one-third; in 2, one-fourth; in 3, one-sixth; in 3, 20 percent; in 8, 10 percent; in 30 colleges the formal exercises occupy a "small," "limited," or "minor" part of the program.

In roughly 25 percent of the junior colleges requiring physical education calisthenics or gymnastics would seem to be an important part of the program.

Of the 180 colleges which report courses in physical education, required or unrequired, about 35 percent furnish facilities for swimming and as many schools have grounds and outfits for golf. Seventy percent have ample space and equipment for tennis and 70 percent for baseball. Instruction in these or other games is provided by 75 percent. In 5 percent there is no provision for any outdoor activities.

Three-fourths of these colleges have a gymnasium and 45 percent consider the floor space adequate for their purposes.

About 20 percent report no participation in intramural sports and the range of percentages of those who take part is similar to that of the first 2 years in 4-year colleges. In about 20 percent there is an increase in number of participants in the second year, in 40 percent there is a decline, and in 40 percent it remains the same. Since, in most colleges, physical education is required in both years one can only guess that participation is not altogether voluntary and especially where 100 percent engage in these activities.

PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS

One hundred and twenty, or 47 percent, of the institutions of this class replied to our inquiries.

Schools of religion. Forty-eight of the 75 schools of religion (64 percent) furnished information. Of these institutions 6 receive graduate students only or students with 2 years of college training. These require or offer no courses in physical education. The students of 3 of these colleges find ample opportunity for physical activity in the university with which the special school is affiliated, but no provision is made in the other 3 schools. Of the remaining 40 schools, 5 have a required course in physical education. In 1, 3 hours per week of activity are prescribed in the first year; in 1, 1 hour per week for 2 years; in another, 2 hours for 2 years; in 1, 1 hour per week for 4 years; in 1, 2 hours for 4 years; and in 1, 4 hours for 4 years. Including these 5 schools with required work a total of 12 (30 percent) make provision of space, indoors and out, which they consider adequate, for physical activities. In addition, 2 schools have ample space out of doors for play.

Technical schools and schools of mining. Of the 26 colleges of this group, 25 replied to our questions. Eighteen, or 70 percent, reported a required course in physical education. In 3 it is required of freshmen for 2 hours a week; in 1, of freshmen for 3 hours; and in 1 "5 hours every 2 weeks." In 9 schools courses are obligatory for the first 2 years; in 6 of these they are scheduled 2 hours per week; in 2, 3 hours; and in 1, 5 hours. In 1 college, 1 hour a week of physical activity is required and in another, 3 hours per week in each of

the 4 years. In 1 it is required for 1 hour for 1 year of men and for 2 hours for 3 years of women. In another the requirement of men is 3 hours in the first and 2 hours in the second year.

Space for most out-of-doors activities is supplied by 23 of these schools and for indoor activities by 21, though in not all of these is the space considered adequate.

Participation in activities is determined by medical examination in 22 schools and the activities are under professional direction in 23 of the 25 colleges. The activities are all elective in 11 schools and certain kinds are required in 12 institutions. Some use is made of formal gymnastics in 10, they are elective in 3, and they find no place in the programs of 11. Provision for most out-door games is made in 18 schools and for indoor activities in 21, though in 10 of the 21 the space is considered inadequate.

Schools of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, and allied subjects. The 14 schools which furnished information do not have courses in physical education and in only 1 is special provision of space made for indoor and outdoor activities.

Law schools.-The 12 schools which replied make no provision for physical activities, as is also the case with the 5 schools of music.

Military schools.-Nine military schools, including the United States Military, Naval, and Coast Guard Academies, answered our questions. Physical education is required by all. In 1, no definite hours of activity are specified; in 1, 7 hours per week for 2 years are scheduled; in 1, 3 to 5 hours per week for the first 3 years; in 1, 4 hours for 4 years; in 1, 4 to 6 hours for 4 years; in 1, 14 hours for 4 years. In the United States Coast Guard Academy a "minimum of 3 hours per week, exclusive of intercollegiate and intramural sports" is required for 4 years; in the United States Naval Academy "3 and ten-sixteenths semester-hours" in all years; and in the United States Military Academy "10 to 12 hours" per week in all years. In these institutions every cadet engages in intramural or varsity sports.

In all the military schools participation in physical activities is determined by medical examination, although in the United States academies superior physical condition is a requirement of entrance. Physical directors are employed

by all of these schools. In 2 the activities are elective; in 2 they are elective except swimming; and in 5 others the activities are required. Gymnastic exercises are made use of in 4 schools. They are not employed in the Coast Guard Academy but they are used for 1 hour daily (except Sunday) at West Point and for half of the required drill periods at Annapolis.

REVIEW AND SUMMARY

We have come a long way in the provision, in institutions of higher education, for those activities to which we attach the name "physical," since certain apostles of German gymnastics settled, perforce, in New England a century ago. In our beginnings we necessarily borrowed from abroad, but the systems of Europe underwent every conceivable combination and modification in the search for a suitable formula for making our students bigger and stronger and for compensating for their sedentary ways of living. Following traditional methods in education, classes in physical exercises were scheduled along with mathematics, Latin, and other means of developing the mental faculties, and the students were, without choice, put through the same paces for the same number of periods.

Beginning, three-quarters of a century ago, with bells that were dumb except when dropped on the floor, with clubs no Indian ever touched, with ladders which lead nowhere, with "horses" that never walked and "bucks" which were perfectly passive, we have rediscovered and adopted apparatus which is ages older, for we now introduce the student to the use of the fishing rod and the long bow; they learn to ride real horses and they are often not only permitted, but constrained to paddle in the old swimming hole which has been enshrined and glorified as the beautiful tile-lined pool of our college playhouses. This means that there has been a change of purpose in physical education and that mental satisfaction and recreation of both mind and body now have a large place in its aims. There is an attempt at a restoration of ways of life that were. Activities pursued spontaneously a half century ago, but which were often frowned upon as frivolous by the faculty, are now nourished and sometimes required. It will be noted,