HITCHIN, a market town in the Hitchin parliamentary | 19th century, to the discovery of the important part played in division of Hertfordshire, England, on the small river Hiz, 32 m. N. from London by the Great Northern railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 10,072. It is the junction of the main line with the Cambridge branch, and with a branch of the Midland railway to Bedford. The church of St Mary is Perpendicular, with a fine porch, a painting of the Adoration of the Magi, attributed to Rubens, a small crypt said to have been used by Cromwell as a prison for the Royalists, and many interesting monuments. Hitchin Priory is a mansion on the site of a Carmelite foundation of the early 14th century. A Gilbertine nunnery, founded later in the same century, stood adjacent to the church, and portions of the buildings appear in an existing block of almshouses. The grammar school (1632) was reconstituted in 1889 for boys and girls. Straw-plaiting, malting, brewing, and the cultivation and distillation of lavender and peppermint are carried on.

HITTITES, an ancient people, alluded to frequently in the earlier records of Israel, and also, under slightly variant names, in Egyptian records of the XVIIIth, XIXth and XXth Dynasties, and in Assyrian from about 1100 to 700 B.C. They appear also in the Vannic cuneiform texts, and are believed to be the authors of a class of monuments bearing inscriptions in a peculiar pictographic character, and widely distributed over Asia Minor and N. Syria, around which much controversy has raged during the past thirty years.

1. The Bible. In the Old Testament the name of the race is written Heth (with initial aspirate), members of it being Hilli, Hillim, which the Septuagint renders χέτ, χετταῖος, χεττείν οι Xerreiμ, keeping, it will be noted, e in the stem throughout. The race appears in two connexions. (a) In pre-Israelite Palestine, it is resident about Hebron (Gen. xxiii. 3), and in the central uplands (Num. xiii. 29). To Joshua (i. 4) is promised " from the wilderness and this Lebanon even unto the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites." The term "wilderness here is of geographical ambiguity; but the promise is usually taken to mean that Palestine itself was part of the Hittite land before the coming of Israel; and an apostrophe of Ezekiel | (xvi. 3) to Jerusalem, "thy mother (was) an Hittite," is quoted in confirmation. Under the monarchy we hear frequently of Hittites within the borders of Israel, but either as a small subject people, coupled with other petty tribes, or as individuals in the Jewish service (e.g. Uriah, in the time of David).. It appears, therefore, that there survived in Palestine to late times a detached Hittite population, with which Hebrews sometimes intermarried (Judges iii. 5-6; Gen. xxvi. 34) and lived in relations now amicable, now tyrannical (e.g. Hittites were made tributary bondsmen by Solomon, 1 Kings ix. 20, 21; 2 Chron. viii. 7, 8). (b) An independent and powerful Hittite people was domiciled N. of Palestine proper, organized rather as a confederacy of tribes than a single monarchy (1 Kings x. 28; 2 Kings vii. 6). Presumably it was a daughter of these Hittites that Solomon took to wife. If the emendation of 2 Sam. xxiv. 64, " Tahtim-hodshi," based on the Septuagint version yr xerreiμ kadηs be accepted, we hear of them at Kadesh on Orontes; and some minor Hittite cities are mentioned, e.g. Luz; but no one capital city of the race is clearly | indicated. Carchemish, on the Euphrates, though mentioned three times (2 Chron. xxxv. 20; Isa. x. 9; Jer. xlvi. 2), is not connected explicitly with Hittites, a fact which is not surprising, since that city was no longer under a Hatti dynasty at the epoch of the Old Testament references. So far as the Old Testament goes, therefore, we gather that the Hittites were a considerable people, widely spread in Syria, in part subdued and to some extent assimilated by Israel, but in part out of reach. The latter portion was not much known to the Hebrews, but, was vaguely feared as a power in the early days of the monarchy, though not in the later pre-Captivity period. The identification of the northern and southern Hittites, however, presents certain difficulties not yet fully explained; and it seems that we must assume Heth to have been the name both of a country in the north and of a tribal population not confined to that country.

2. Egyptian Records. -The decipherment of the inscriptions of the XVIIIth Theban Dynasty led, before the middle of the❘

the Syrian campaigns of Tethmosis (Thothmes) III. by the H-ts (vulgarly transliterated Khela, though the vocalization is uncertain). The coincidence of this name, beginning with an aspirate, led H. K. Brugsch to identify the Kheta with Heth. | That identification stands, and no earlier Egyptian mention of the race has been found. Tethmosis III. found the Kheta ("Great " and "Little "') in N. Syria, not apparently at Kadesh, but at Carchemish, though they had not been in possession of the latter place long (not in the epoch of Tethmosis I.'s Syrian campaign). They were a power strong enough to give the Pharaoh cause to vaunt his success (see also EGYPT: Ancient History, § "The New Empire"). Though he says he levied tribute upon them, his successors in the dynasty nearly all record fresh wars with the Kheta who appear as the northernmost of Pharaoh's enemies, and Amenophis or Amenhotep III. saw fit to take to wife Gilukhipa, a Syrian princess, who may or may not have been a Hittite. This queen is by some supposed to have introduced into Egypt certain exotic ideas which blossomed in the reign of Amenophis IV. The first Pharaoh of the succeeding dynasty, Rameses I., came to terms with a Kheta king called Saplel or Saparura; but Seti I. again attacked the Kheta (1366 B.C.), who had apparently pushed southwards. Forced back by Seti, the Kheta returned and were found holding Kadesh by Rameses II., who, in his fifth year, there fought against them and a large body of allies, drawn probably in part from beyond Taurus, the battle which occasioned the monumental poem of Pentaur. After long struggles, a treaty was concluded in Rameses's twenty-first year, between Pharaoh and "Khetasar" (i.e. Kheta-king), of which we possess an Egyptian copy. The discovery of a cuneiform tablet containing a copy of this same treaty, in the Babylonian language, was reported from Boghaz Keui in Cappadocia by H. Winckler in 1907. It argues the Kheta a people of considerable civilization. The Kheta king subsequently visited Pharaoh and gave him his daughter to wife. Rameses' successor, Mineptah, remained on terms with the Kheta folk; but in the reign of Rameses III. (Dyn. XX.) the latter seem to have joined in the great raid of northern tribes on Egypt which was checked by the battle of Pelusium. From this point (c. 1150 B.C.)—the point at which (roughly) the monarchic history of Israel in Palestine opens-Egyptian records cease to mention Kheta; and as we know from other sources that the latter continued powerful in Carchemish for some centuries to come, we must presume that the rise of the Israelite state interposed an effective political barrier.

3. Assyrian Records.-In an inscription of Tiglath Pileser I. (about 1100 B.C.), first deciphered in 1857, a people called Khatti. is mentioned as powerful in Girgamish on Euphrates (ie. Carchemish); and in other records of the same monarch, subsequently read, much mention is made of this and of other N. Syrian names. These Khatti appear again in the inscriptions of Assur-nazir-pal (early 9th century B.C.), in whose time Carchemish was very wealthy, and the Khatti power extended far over N. Syria and even into Mesopotamia. Shalmaneser II. (d. 825 B.C.) raided the Khatti and their allies year after year; and at last Sargon III., in 717 B.C., relates that he captured Carchemish and its king, Pisiris, and put an end to its independence. We hear no more of it thenceforward. These Khatti, there is no reasonable doubt, are identical with Kheta. (For the chronology see further under BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA!)

4. Other Cuneiform Records.-The name of the race appears in certain of the Tel-el-Amarna letters, tablets written in Babylonian script to Amenophis (Amenhotep) IV. and found in 1892 on the site of his capital. Some of his governors in Syrian districts (e.g. one Aziru of Phoenicia) report movements of the Hittites, who were then pursuing an aggressive policy (about 1400 B.C.). There are also other letters from rulers of principalities in N. Syria (Mitanni) and E. Asia Minor (Arzawa), who write in non-Semitic tongues and are supposed to have been Hittites.

Certain Khate or Khati are mentioned in the Vannic inscriptions (deciphered partially by A. H. Sayce and others) as attacked by

kings of Bianas (Van), and apparently domiciled on the middle | this scholar, however, is owed the next great step ahead. In Euphrates N. of Taurus in the 9th century B.C. This name again may safely be identified with Khatti-Kheta.

reliefs, reported found near Malatia and published by J. Garstang in Annals Arch. and Anthrop., 1908, probably came also from Arslan Tepe. Palanga; lower aniconic half of draped statue with incised inscription, now in Constantinople. Also a small basalt lion. Arslan Tash, near Palanga; two rude gateway lions, uninscribed. Yapalak; defaced inscription, reported by J. S. Sterrett but never copied. Izgin; obelisk with long inscription in relief on all four faces, now in Constantinople. These last four places seem to lie on a main road leading from Cappadocia to Marash and the Syrian sites. The expedition sent out by Cornell University in 1907 found several Hittite inscriptions on rocks near Darende in the valley of

the Tokhma Su.

and powerful enough to write to the Babylonian court as a sovereign of equal standing. His letter shows that he considered the rise of Assyria a menace to himself. Winckler claims to read Halli as the name of the possessors of Boghaz Keui, and to find in this name the proof of the Hittite character of Syro-Cappadocian power and of the imperial predominance of the city. But it remains to be proved whether these tablets were written there, and not rather, being in a foreign script, abroad, like most of the Tell el-Amarna archives. O. Puchstein has cleared and studied important architectural remains. Euyuk; large mound with remains of palace entered between sphinxes. Sculptured wall-dados, but no Hittite inscriptions. Cuneiform tablets; some Babylonian, others in a native language. Also inscriptions in early Phrygian character E. NORTH SYRIA.-Marash; several monuments (stelae, wall-blocks and language, found in 1894. The most famous of Hittite reliefs and two lions) with inscriptions, both in relief and incised (part are is here a double-headed eagle "displayed" on the flank of one of now at Constantinople, part in Berlin and America); evidently one the gateway sphinxes. This is supposed to have suggested to the of the most important of Hittite sites. Karaburshlu, Arbistan, Seljuks of Konia their heraldic device adopted in the 13th century, Gerchin, Sinjerli; mounds about the head-waters of the Kara Su. which, brought to Europe by the Crusaders, became the emblem The last-named mound, brought to O. Puchstein's notice in 1882 of Teutonic empire in 1345. This derivation must be taken, how-by the chance discovery of sculptured wall-dados, now in Conever, cum grano, proof of its successive steps being wanting. Kara- stantinople, was the scene of extensive German excavations in Euyuk; a mound near Dedik, partially excavated by E. Chantre 1893-1894, directed by F. v. Luschan and K. Koldewey, and was in 1894. Cuneiform tablets and small objects possibly, but not found to cover a walled town with central fortified palace. Hittite, certainly, Hittite. A colossal eagle was found on a deserted site cuneiform and old Aramacan monuments were found with many near Yamuli on the middle Halys, in 1907 by W. Attmore Robinson. small objects, most of which have been taken to Berlin; but no D. SOUTH CAPPADOCIA.-Karaburna; long, incised rock-inscription. Hittite inscriptions came to light, Sakchegeuzu (Sakchcgözu), a Bogja, eight hours west of Kaisariye; four-sided stela with incised site with several mounds between Sinjerli and Aintab; series of inscription. Assarjik, on the side of Mt. Argaeus; incised rock-reliefs, once wall-dados, now in Berlin and Constantinople. This inscription. Ekrek; a fragmentary inscription in relief and an site is in process of excavation by Professor J. Garstang of the incised inscription on a stela of very late appearance. Fraktin University of Liverpool. A sculptured portico has come to light in or Farakdin (probably anc. Das-tarkon); sculptured rock-panel the smallest of the five mounds, and much pottery, with incised showing two groups of figures in act of cult, with hieroglyphs in and painted decoration, has been recovered. Aintal; fragment relief. Arslan Tash, near Comana (Cappadocia), on the Soghan of relief inscription. Samsat (Samosata); sculptured stela with Dagh; two colossal lions, one with incised inscription. Tashji incised inscription much defaced.. Jerablus; see above. Several in the Zamanti valley; rock-relief with rudely incised inscription. Hittite objects sent from Bircjik and Aintab to Europe probably Andaval and Bor; inscriptions incised on sculptured stelae of kings (?), came from Jerablus, others from Tell Bashar on the Sajur. Kellekli, probably from Tyana (Ekuzli Hissar). All are now in Constanti- near Jerablus; two stelae, one with relief inscription. Iskanderun nople. A silver seal with hieroglyphs, now at Oxford, came also (Alexandretta); source of a long inscription cut on both sides of from Bor. Nigdeh; basalt drum or altar with incised inscription. a spheroidal object of unknown origin. Kirchoglu, a site on the Ivriz; rock-sculpture of king adoring god, with three inscriptions Afrin, whence a fragmentary draped statue with incised inscription in relief. A second sculpture, similar in subject but smaller and was sent to Berlin. Aleppo; inscription in relief (see above). Tell much defaced, was found hard by in 1906. Bulgar Maden; long Ahmar (on left bank of Euphrates); large stela with sculpture and incised rock inscription, near silver-mines. Gorun (Gurun); two long relief inscription, found in 1908 with several sculptured slabs rock-inscriptions in relief, much damaged. Arslan-Tepe, near and two gateway lions, inscribed in cuneiform. Two hours south, Ordasu (two hours from Malatia); large mound whence two sculp- a lion and a fragment of a relief inscription were found in 1909 by tured stelae or wall-blocks with inscriptions in relief have been Miss G. L. Bell. Tell Halaf in Mid-Mesopotamia, near Ras el-Ain; unearthed (now in Constantinople and the Louvre). Four other sculptures on portico of a temple or palace; cuneiform inscriptions

and large mounds, explored in 1902 bv Oppenheim. Hamak; five | differences in execution and details, all these sculptures show blocks inscribed in relief (see above).

F. OUTLYING SITES. Erzerum; source of an incised inscription, perhaps not originally found there. Kedabeg; metal boss or hilt-top with pictographs, found in a tomb and stated by F. Hommel to be Hittite, but doubtful. Toprak Kaleh; bronze fragments with two pictographs; doubtful if Hittite. Nineveh; sealings, see above. Babylon; a bowl and a stela of storm-god, both with incised inscriptions; doubtless spoil of war or tribute brought from Syria. The bowl is inscribed round the outside, the stela on the back. (For a detailed description of the subjects of the reliefs, &c., with the necessary illustrations, see the works indicated in the bibliography.)

one general type of art, a type which recalls now Babylonian, now Assyrian, now Egyptian, now archaic Ionian, style, but is always individual and easily distinguishable from the actual products of those peoples. The figures, whether of men or beasts, are of a squat, heavy order, with internal features (e.g. bones, muscles, &c.) shown as if external, as in some Mesopotamian sculptures. The human type is always very brachycephalic, with brow receding sharply and long nose making almost one line with the sloping forehead. In the sculptures of the Commagene and the Tyana districts, the nose has a long curving tip, of very Jewish appearance, but not unlike the outline given to Kheta warriors in Egyptian scenes. The lips are full and the chin short and shaven. The whole physiognomy is fleshy and markedly distinct from that of other Syrians. At Boghaz Keui, Euyuk and Jerablus, the facial type is very markedly non-Semitic. But not much stress can be laid on these differences owing to (1) great variety of execution in different sculptures, which argues artists of very unequal capacity; (2) doubt whether individual portraits are intended in some cases and not in others. The hair of males is sometimes, but not always, worn in pigtail. The fashions of head-covering and clothes are very various, but several of them-e.g. the horned cap of the Ivriz god; the conical hat at Boghaz Keui, Fraktin, &c.; the "jockey-cap " on the Tarkudimme boss; the broad-bordered over-robe, and the upturned shoes-are not found on other Asiatic monuments, except where Hittites are portrayed. Animals in profile are represented more naturalistically than human beings, e.g. at Yasili Kaya, and especially in some pictographic symbols in relief (e.g. at Hamah). This, however, is a feature common to Mesopotamian and Egyptian, and perhaps to all primitive art. The subjects depicted are processions of figures, human and divine (Yasili Kaya, Euyuk, Giaur Kalessi); scenes of sacrifice or adoration, or other cult-practice (Yasili Kaya, Euyuk, Fraktin, Ivriz, and perhaps the figures seated beside tables at Marash Sakchegeuzu, Sinjerli, &c.); of the chase (Arslan Tepe, Sakchegeuzu); but not, as known at present, of battle. Both at Euyuk and Yasili Kaya reliefs in one and the same series are widely separated in artistic conception and execution, some showing the utmost naïveté, others expressing both outline and motion with fair success. The fact warns us against drawing hasty inductions as to relative dates from style and execution.

Structures.-The structural remains found as yet on Hittite sites are few, scanty and far between. They consist of: (a) Ground plans of a palatial building and three temples and fortifications with sculptured gate at Boghaz Keui. The palace was built round a central court, flanked by passages and entered by a doorway of three battants hung on two columns. The whole plan bears more than a superficial resemblance to those of Cretan palaces in the later Minoan period. Only the rough core of the walls is standing to a height of about 3 ft. The fortifications of the citadel have an elaborate double gate with flanking towers. (b) Fortifications, palace, &c., at Sinjerli. The gates here are more elaborate than at Boghaz Keui, but planned with the same idea-that of entrapping in an enclosed space, barred by a second door, an enemy who may have forced the first door, while flanking towers would add to his discomfiture. The palace plan is again rectangular, with a central pillared hall, and very similar in plan to that of Boghaz Keui. The massive walls are also of similar construction. Dados of relief-sculpture run round the inner walls; this feature seems to have been common to Hittite buildings of a sumptuous kind, and accounts for most of the sculptured blocks that have been found, e.g. at Jerablus, Sakhchegeuzu, Euyuk, Arslan Tepe, &c. Columns, probably of wood, rested on bases carved as winged lions. (c) Gate with sculptured approach at Euyuk. The ground plan of the gate is practically the same in idea as that at Sinjerli. Structures were found at Jerablus, but never properly uncovered or planned. (d) Sculptured porticoes of temples or palaces uncovered at Sakchegeuzu and Tell Halaf (see above). On other sites, e.g. Arslan Tepe (Ordasu), Arbistan, Marash (above the modern town and near the springs), Beikeui, mounds, doubtless covering structures, may be seen, and sculptured slabs have been recovered. The mounds, probably Besides sculptures, well assured, Hittite art-products include Hittite, in N. Syria alone are to be counted by hundreds. No a few small objects in metal (e.g. heavy, inscribed gold ring tombs certainly Hittite have been found,' though it is possible bought by Sir W. M. Ramsay at Konia; base silver seal, supthat some of the reliefs (e.g. at Fraktin) are of funerary character. ported on three lions' claws, bought by D. G. Hogarth at Bor; Sculptures and other Objects of Art.-The sculptures hitherto inscribed silver boss of "Tarkudimme," mentioned above, found consist of reliefs on rocks and on stelae, either honorific &c., &c.); many intaglios in various stones (chiefly in steatite), or funerary; reliefs on blocks forming parts of wall-dados; and mostly either spheroidal or gable-shaped, but a few scarabaeoid, a few figures more or less in the round, though most of these conical or cylindrical, bearing sometimes pictographic symbols, (e.g. the sphinxes of Euyuk and the lions of Arslan Tash and sometimes divine, human or animal figures. The best collection Marash) are not completely disengaged from the block. The is at Oxford. The majority are of very rude workmanship, most considerable sculptured rock-panels are at Boghaz Keui bodies and limbs being represented by mere skeleton lines or (see PTERIA); the others (Ivriz, Fraktin, Karabel, Giaur Kalessi, unfilled outlines; a few vessels (e.g. inscribed basalt bowl found Doghanludere), it should be observed, all lie N. of Taurus-a at Babylon) and fragments of ware painted with dark ornament fact of some bearing on the problem of the origin and local on light body-clay, or in polychrome on a cream-white slip, or domicile of the art, since rock-reliefs, at any rate, cannot be black burnished, found on N. Cappadocian sites, &c. The otherwise than in situ. Sculptured stelae, honorific or funerary, bronzes hitherto claimed as Hittite have been bought on the all with pyramidal or slightly rounded upper ends, and showing Syrian coast or come from not certainly Hittite sites in Cappaa single regal or divine figure or two figures, have come to light docia (see E. Chantre, Mission en Cappadocie). A great many at Bor, Marash, Sinjerli, Jerablus, Babylon, &c. These, like small objects were found in the excavations at Sinjerli, including most of the rock-panels, are all marked as Hittite by accompany-carved ivories, seals, toilet-instruments, implements, &c., but ing pictographic inscriptions. The wall-blocks are seldom inscribed, the exceptions (e.g. the Arslan Tepe lion-hunt and certain blocks from Marash and Jerablus) being not more certainly wall-dados than stelae. The only fairly complete anthropoid statue known is the much-defaced "Niobe" at Suratlu Tash, engaged in the rock behind. The aniconic lower part of an inscribed statue wholly in the round was found at Palanga, and parts of others at Kirchoglu and Marash. Despite considerable Five intramural graves were explored at Sinjerli, but whether of the Hittite or of the Assyrian occupation is doubtful.

these have not been published. Nor, except provisionally, has the pottery, found at Sakchegeuzu.

Inscriptions.-These, now almost sixty in number (excluding seals), are all in a pictographic character which employed symbols somewhat elaborately depicted in relief, but reduced to conventional and "shorthand" representations in the incised texts. So far, the majority of our Hittite inscriptions, like those first found at Hamah, are in relief (cameo); but the incised characters, first observed in the Tyana district, have since been shown, by discoveries at Marash, Babylon, &c., to have had a

and powerful enough to write to the Babylonian court as a sovereign of equal standing. His letter shows that he considered the rise of Assyria a menace to himself. Winckler claims to read Halti as the name of the possessors of Boghaz Keui, and to find in this name the proof of the Hittite character of Syro-Cappadocian power and of the imperial predominance of the city. But it remains to be proved whether these tablets were written there, and not rather, being in a foreign script, abroad, like most of the Tell el-Amarna archives. O. Puchstein has cleared and studied important architectural remains. Euyuk; large mound with remains of palace entered between sphinxes. Sculptured wall-dados, but no Hittite inscriptions. Cuneiform tablets; some Babylonian, others in a native language. Also inscriptions in early Phrygian character and language, found in 1894. The most famous of Hittite reliefs is here a double-headed eagle "displayed" on the flank of one of the gateway sphinxes. This is supposed to have suggested to the Seljuks of Konia their heraldic device adopted in the 13th century, which, brought to Europe by the Crusaders, became the emblem of Teutonic empire in 1345. This derivation must be taken, how-by the chance discovery of sculptured wall-dados, now in Conever, cum grano, proof of its successive steps being wanting. KaraEuyuk; a mound near Dedik, partially excavated by E. Chantre in 1894. Cuneiform tablets and small objects possibly, but not certainly, Hittite. A colossal eagle was found on a deserted site near Yamuli on the middle Halys, in 1907 by W. Attmore Robinson. D.SOUTH CAPPADOCIA. Karaburna; long, incised rock-inscription. Bogja, eight hours west of Kaisariye; four-sided stela with incised inscription. Assarjik, on the side of Mt. Argaeus; incised rockinscription. Ekrek; a fragmentary inscription in relief and an incised inscription on a stela of very late appearance. Fraktin or Farakdin (probably anc. Das-tarkon); sculptured rock-panel showing two groups of figures in act of cult, with hieroglyphs in relief. Arslan Tash, near Comana (Cappadocia), on the Soghan Dagh; two colossal lions, one with incised inscription. Tashji in the Zamanti valley; rock-relief with rudely incised inscription. Andaval and Bor; inscriptions incised on sculptured stelae of kings (?), probably from Tyana (Ekuzli Hissar). All are now in Constantinople. A silver seal with hieroglyphs, now at Oxford, came also from Bor. Nigdeh; basalt drum or altar with incised inscription. Juriz; rock-sculpture of king adoring god, with three inscriptions in relief. A second sculpture, similar in subject but smaller and much defaced, was found hard by in 1906. Bulgar Maden; long incised rock inscription, near silver-mines. Gorun (Gurun); two rock-inscriptions in relief, much damaged. Arslan-Tepe, near Ordasu (two hours from Malatia); large mound whence two sculptured stelae or wall-blocks with inscriptions in relief have been unearthed (now in Constantinople and the Louvre). Four other

E. NORTH SYRIA.-Marash; several monuments (stelae, wall-blocks and two lions) with inscriptions, both in relief and incised (part are now at Constantinople, part in Berlin and America); evidently one of the most important of Hittite sites. Karaburshlu, Arbistan, Gerchin, Sinjerli; mounds about the head-waters of the Kara Su. The last-named mound, brought to O. Puchstein's notice in 1882 stantinople, was the scene of extensive German excavations in 1893-1894, directed by F. v. Luschan and K. Koldewey, and was found to cover a walled town with central fortified palace. Hittite, cuneiform and old Aramacan monuments were found with many small objects, most of which have been taken to Berlin; but no Hittite inscriptions came to light. Sakchegeuzu (Sakchegözu), a site with several mounds between Sinjerli and Aintab; series of reliefs, once wall-dados, now in Berlin and Constantinople. This site is in process of excavation by Professor J. Garstang of the University of Liverpool. A sculptured portico has come to light in the smallest of the five mounds, and much pottery, with incised and painted decoration, has been recovered. Aintab; fragment of relief inscription. Samsat (Samosata); sculptured stela with incised inscription much defaced.. Jerablus; see above. Several Hittite objects sent from Birejik and Aintab to Europe probably came from Jerablus, others from Tell Bashar on the Sajur. Kellekli, near Jerablus; two stelae, one with relief inscription. Iskanderun (Alexandretta); source of a long inscription cut on both sides of a spheroidal object of unknown origin. Kirchoglu, a site on the Afrin, whence a fragmentary draped statue with incised inscription was sent to Berlin. Aleppo; inscription in relief (see above). Tell Ahmar (on left bank of Euphrates); large stela with sculpture and long relief inscription, found in 1908 with several sculptured slabs and two gateway lions, inscribed in cuneiform. Two hours south, a lion and a fragment of a relief inscription were found in 1909 by Miss G. L. Bell. Tell Halaf in Mid-Mesopotamia, near Ras el-Ain: sculptures on portico of a temple or palace; cuneiform inscriptions