goddesses with beautiful locks, swifter than winds and birds | by the feet. It consists of a pear-shaped body, to which is added a curved neck supported on a front pillar or arm springing from in their flight, and their domain is the air. In later times their number was increased (Celaeno being a frequent addition and the body, and therefore reminiscent of the harp. There are 12 catgut strings. The curved fingerboard, almost parallel with their leader in Virgil), and they were described as hateful and repulsive creatures, birds with the faces of old women, the ears the neck, is provided with frets, and has in addition a thumbof bears, crooked talons and hanging breasts; even in Aeschylus key for each string, by means of which the accordance of the (Eumenides, 50) they appear as ugly and misshapen monsters. string is mechanically raised a semitone at will. The dital or Their function of snatching away mortals to the other world key, on being depressed, acts upon a stop-ring or eye, which brings them into connexion with the Erinyes, with whom they draws the string down against the fret, and thus shortens its are often confounded. On the so-called Harpy monument from effective length. The fingers then stop the strings as usual Lycia, now in the British Museum, the Harpies appear carrying over the remaining frets. A further improvement was patented off some small figures, supposed to be the daughters of Pandareus, in 1816 as the British harp-lute. Other attempts possessing less unless they are intended to represent departed souls. The practical merit than the dital harp were the lyra-guitarre, which repulsive character of the Harpies is more especially seen in the appeared in Germany at the beginning of the 19th century; (K. S.) legend of Phineus, king of Salmydessus in Thrace (Apollodorus the accord-guitarre, towards the middle of the same century; i. 9, 21; see also Diod. Sic. iv. 43). Having been deprived of and the keyed guitar. his sight by the gods for his ill-treatment of his sons by his first wife (or for having revealed the future to mortals), he was condemned to be tormented by two Harpies, who carried off whatever food was placed before him. On the arrival of the Argonauts, Phineus promised to give them particulars of the course they should pursue and of the dangers that lay before them, if they would deliver him from his tormentors. Accordingly, when the Harpies appeared as usual to carry off the food from Phineus's table, they were driven off and pursued by Calaïs and Zetes, the sons of Boreas, as far as the Strophades islands in the Aegean. On promising to cease from molesting Phineus, their lives were spared. Their place of abode is variously placed in the Strophades, the entrance to the under-world, or a cave in Crete.des According to Cecil Smith, Journal of Hellenic Studies, xiii. (1892-1893), the Harpies are the hostile spirits of the scorching south wind; E. Rohde (Rheinisches Museum, i., 1895) regards them as spirits of the storm, which at the bidding of the gods carry off human beings alive to the under-world or some spot beyond human ken.

See articles in Roscher's Lexikon der Mythologie and Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire des antiquités. In the article GREEK ART, fig. 14 gives a representation of the winged Harpies.

), French landscape painter, HARPIGNIES, HENRI (1819born at Valenciennes in 1819, was intended by his parents for a business career, but his determination to become an artist was so strong that it conquered all obstacles, and he was allowed at the age of twenty-seven to enter Achard's atelier in Paris. From this painter he acquired a groundwork of sound constructive draughtsmanship, which is so marked a feature of his landscape painting. After two years under this exacting teacher he went to Italy, whence he returned in 1850. During the next few years he devoted himself to the painting of children in landscape setting, and fell in with Corot and the other Barbizon masters, whose principles and methods are to a certain extent reflected in his own personal art. To Corot he was united by a bond of warm friendship, and the two artists went together to Italy in 1860. On his return, he scored his first great success at the Salon, in 1861, with his "Lisière de bois sur les bords de l'Allier." After that year he was a regular exhibitor at the old Salon; in 1886 he received his first medal for "Le Soir dans la campagne de Rome," which was acquired for the Luxembourg Gallery. Many of his best works were painted at Hérisson in the Bourbonnais, as well as in the Nivernais and the Auvergne. Among his chief pictures are "Soir sur les bords de la Loire " "Le Soir" (1866), "Le (1865), "Les Corbeaux (1861), Saut-du-Loup (1873), "La Loire" (1882), and "Vue de Saint-Privé" (1883). He also did some decorative work for the Paris Opéra-the "Vallée d'Egérie " panel, which he showed at the Salon of 1870.

HARP-LUTE, or DITAL HARP, one of the many attempts to revive the popularity of the guitar and to increase its compass, invented in 1798 by Edward Light. The harp-lute owes the first part of its name to the characteristic mechanism for shortening the effective length of the strings; its second name-dital harpemphasizes the nature of the stops, which are worked by the thumb in contradistinction to the pedals of the harp worked

HARPOCRATES, originally an Egyptian deity, adopted by the Greeks, and worshipped in later times both by Greeks and Romans. In Egypt, Harpa-khruti, Horus the child, was one of the forms of Horus, the sun-god, the child of Osiris. He was supposed to carry on war against the powers of darkness, and hence Herodotus (ii. 144) considers him the same as the Greek Apollo. He was represented in statues with his finger on his mouth, a symbol of childhood. The Greeks and Romans, not understanding the meaning of this attitude, made him the god of silence (Ovid, Metam. ix. 691), and as such he became a favourite deity with the later mystic schools of philosophy. See articles by G. Lafaye in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire der Mythologie. antiquités, and by E. Meyer (s.v. "Horos ") in Roscher's Lexikon

HARPOCRATION, VALERIUS, Greek grammarian of Alex-
andria. He is possibly the Harpocration mentioned by Julius
Capitolinus (Life of Verus, 2) as the Greek tutor of Antoninus
Verus (2nd century A.D.); some authorities place him. much
later, on the ground that he borrowed from Athenaeus. He
is the author of a Λεξικόν (or Περὶ τῶν λέξεων) τῶν δέκα ῥητόρων,
which has come down to us in an incomplete form. The work
contains, in more or less alphabetical order, notes on well-known
events and persons mentioned by the orators, and explanations
of legal and commercial expressions. As nearly all the lexicons to
the Greek orators have been lost, Harpocration's work is especially
valuable. Amongst his authorities were the writers of Atthides
(histories of Attica), the grammarian Didymus, Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, and the lexicographer Dionysius, son of Tryphon.
The book also contains contributions to the history of Attic
oratory and Greek literature generally. Nothing is known of
an ̓Ανθηρῶν συναγωγή, a sort of anthology or chrestomathy
attributed to him by Suidas. A series of articles in the margin
of a Cambridge MS. of the lexicon forms the basis of the Lexicon
rhetoricum Cantabrigiense (see DOBREE, P. P.).

The best edition is by W. Dindorf (1853); see also J. E. Sandys,
Harpocrationis fontibus (Kiel; 1876).
History of Classical Scholarship, i. (1906), p. 325; C. Boysen, De

HARPOON (from Fr. harpon, a grappling-iron, O. Fr. harpe, a dog's claw, an iron clamp for fastening stones together; the source of these words is the Lat. harpago, harpa, &c., formed from Gr. àpауý, hook, áρжáčev, to snatch, tear away, cf. "harpy "), barbed spear, particularly one used for spearing whales or other large fish, and either thrown by hand or fired from a gun (see WHALE-FISHERY).

HARPSICHORD, HARPSICON, DOUBLE VIRGINALS (Fr. clavecin; Ger. Clavicymbel, Kiel-Flügel; Ital. arpicordo, cembalo, clavicembalo, gravecembalo; Dutch, clavisinbal), a large keyboard instrument (see PIANOFORTE), belonging to the same family as the virginal and spinet, but having 2, 3, or even 4 strings to each note, and a case of the harp or wing shape, afterwards adopted for the grand pianoforte. J. S. Bach's harpsichord, preserved in the museum of the Hochschule für Musik at Charlottenburg, has two manuals and 4 strings to each note, one 16 ft., two 8 ft. and one 4 ft. By means of stops the performer has within his power a number of combinations for varying the tone and dynamic power. In all instruments of the harpsichord family

the strings, instead of being struck by tangents as in the clavi- | chord, or by hammers as in the pianoforte, are plucked by means of a quill firmly embedded in the centred tongue of a jack or upright placed on the back end of the key-lever. When the finger depresses a key, the jack is thrown up, and in passing the crow-quill catches the string and twangs it. It is this twanging of the string which produces the brilliant incisive tone peculiar to the harpsichord family. What these instruments gain in brilliancy of tone, however, they lose in power of expression and of accent. The impossibility of commanding any emphasis necessarily created for the harpsichord an individual technique which influenced the music composed for it to so great an extent that it cannot be adequately rendered upon the pianoforte.

The harpsichord assumed a position of great importance during the 16th and 17th centuries, more especially in the orchestra, which was under the leadership of the harpsichord player. The most famous of all harpsichord makers, whose names form a guarantee for excellence, were the Ruckers, established at Antwerp from the last quarter of the 16th century. (K. S.)

HARPY, a large diurnal bird of prey, so named after the mythological monster of the classical poets (see HARPIES),-the Thrasactus harpyia of modern ornithologists-an inhabitant of the warmer parts of America from Southern Mexico to Brazil. Though known since the middle of the 17th century, its habits have come very little under the notice of naturalists, and what is said of them by the older writers must be received with some

Harpy.

suspicion. A cursory inspection of the bird, which is not unfrequently brought alive to Europe, its size, and its enormous bill and talons, at once suggest the vast powers of destruction imputed to it, and are enough to account for the stories told of its ravages on mammals-sloths, fawns, peccaries and spidermonkeys. It has even been asserted to attack the human race. How much of this is fabulous there seems no means at present of determining, but some of the statements are made by veracious travellers-D'Orbigny and Tschudi. It is not uncommon in the forests of the isthmus of Panama, and Salvin says (Proc. Zool. Society, 1864, p. 368) that its flight is slow and heavy. Indeed its owl-like visage, its short wings and soft plumage, do not indicate a bird of very active habits, but the weapons of offence with which it is armed show that it must be able to cope with vigorous prey. Its appearance is sufficiently striking-the head and lower parts, except a pectoral band, white, the former

adorned with an erectile crest, the upper parts dark grey banded
with black, the wings dusky, and the tail barred; but the huge
bill and powerful scutellated legs most of all impress the be
holder. The precise affinities of the harpy cannot be said to
have been determined. By some authors it is referred to the
eagles, by others to the buzzards, and by others again to the
hawks; but possibly the first of these alliances is the most likely
to be true.
(A. N.).

HARRAN, HARAN or CHARRAN (Sept. Xappáv or Xappá: Strabo, Káppar: Pliny, Carrae or Carrhae; Arab. Harrän), in biblical history the place where Terah halted after leaving Ur, and apparently the birthplace of Abraham, a town on the stream Jullab, some nine hours' journey from Edessa in Syria. At this point the road from Damascus joins the highway between Nineveh and Carchemish, and Haran had thus considerable military and commercial value. As a strategic position it is mentioned in inscriptions as early as the time of Tiglath Pileser I., about 1100 B.C., and subsequently by Sargon II., who restored the privileges lost at the rebellion which led to the conquest referred to in 2 Kings xix. 12 (=Isa. xxxvii. 12).. It was the centre of a considerable commerce (Ezek. xxvii. 23), and one of its specialities was the odoriferous gum derived from the strobus (Pliny, H.N. xii. 40). It was here that Crassus in his eastern expedition was attacked and slain by the Parthians (53 B.C.); and here also the emperor Caracalla was murdered at the instigation of Macrinus (A.D. 217). Haran was the chief home of the moon-god Sin, whose temple was rebuilt by several kings, among them Assur-bani-pal and Nabunidus and Herodian (iv. 13, 7) mentions the town as possessing in his day a temple of the moon. In the middle ages it is mentioned as having been the seat of a particular heathen sect, that of the Haranite Sabeans. It retained its importance down to the period of the Arab ascendancy; but by Abulfeda it is mentioned as having before his time fallen into decay. It is now wholly in ruins. The Yahwistic writer (Gen. xxvii. 43) makes it the home of Laban and connects it with Isaac and Jacob. But we cannot thus put Haran in Aramnaharaim; the home of the Labanites is rather to be looked for in the very similar word Hauran.

HARRAR (or HARAR), a city of N.E. Africa, in 8° 45′ N., 42° 36' E., capital of a province of Abyssinia and 220 m. S.S.W. of the ports of Zaila (British) and Jibuti (French) on the Gulf of Aden. With Jibuti it is connected by a railway (188 m. long) and carriage-road. Harrar is built on the slopes of a hill at an elevation of over 5000 ft. A lofty stone wall, pierced by five gates and flanked by twenty-four towers, encloses the city, which has a population of about 40,000. The streets are steep, narrow, dirty and unpaved, the roadways consisting of rough boulders. The houses are in general made of undressed stone and mud and are flat-topped, the general aspect of the city being Oriental and un-Abyssinian. A few houses, including the palace of the governor and the foreign consulates, are of more elaborate and solid construction than the majority of the buildings. There are several mosques and an Abyssinian church (of the usual circular construction) built of stone. Harrar is a city of considerable commercial importance, through it passing all the merchandise of southern Abyssinia, Kaffa and Galla land. The chief traders are Abyssinians, Armenians and Greeks. The principal article of export is coffee, which is grown extensively in the neighbouring hills and is of the finest quality. Besides coffee there is a large trade in durra, the kat plant (used by the Mahommedans as a drug), ghee, cattle, mules and camels, skins and hides; ivory and gums. The import trade is largely in cotton goods, but every kind of merchandise is included.

Harrar is believed to owe its foundation to Arab immigrants from the Yemen in the 7th century of the Christian era. In the region of Somaliland, now the western part of the British protectorate of that name, the Arabs established the Moslem state of Adel or Zaila, with their capital at Zaila on the Gulf of Aden. In the 13th century the sultans of Adel enjoyed, great power. In 1521 the then sultan Abubekr transferred the seat of government to Harrar, probably regarding Zaila as too exposed to the attacks of the Turkish and Portuguese navies then contending

for the mastery of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Abubekr's | fifteen species are recognized by Bowdler Sharpe (Cat. Birds successor was Mahommed III., Ahmed ibn Ibrahim el-Ghazi Brit. Museum, i. pp. 50-73). In most if not all the harriers the (1507-1543), surnamed Gran (Granyé), the left-handed. He sexes differ greatly in colour, so much so that for a long while the was not an Arab but, probably, of Somali origin. The son of a males and females of one of the commonest and best known, the noted warrior, he quickly rose to supreme power, becoming C. cyaneus above mentioned, were thought to be distinct species, sultan or amir in 1525. He is famous for his invasion of Abys- and were or still are called in various European languages by sinia, of which country he was virtual master for several years. different names. The error was maintained with the greater From the beginning of the 17th century Adel suffered greatly persistency since the young males, far more abundant than the from the ravages of pagan Galla tribes, and Harrar sank to the adults, wear much the same plumage as their mother, and it was position of an amirate of little importance. It was first visited not until after Montagu's observations were published at the by a European in 1854 when (Sir) Richard Burton spent ten days there in the guise of an Arab. In 1875 Harrar was occupied by an Egyptian force under Raouf Pasha, by whose orders the amir was strangled. The town remained in the possession of Egypt until 1885, when the garrison was withdrawn in consequence of the rising of the Mahdi in the Sudan. The Egyptian garrison and many Egyptian civilians, in all 6500 persons, left Harrar between November 1884 and the 25th of April 1885, when a son of the ruler who had been deposed by Egypt was installed as amir, the arrangement being carried out under the superintendence of British officers. The new amir held power until January 1887, in which month Harrar was conquered by Menelek II., king of Shoa (afterwards emperor of Abyssinia). The governorship of Harrar was by Menelek entrusted to Ras Makonnen, who held the post until his death in 1906.

The Harrari proper are of a distinct stock from the neighbouring peoples, and speak a special language. Harrarese is "a Semitic graft inserted into an indigenous stock" (Sir R. Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa). The Harrari are Mahommedans of the Shafa'i or Persian sect, and they employ the solar year and the Persian calendar. Besides the native population there are in Harrar colonies of Abyssinians, Somalis and Gallas. By the Somalis the place is called Adari, by the Gallas Adaray.

See ABYSSINIA; SOMALILAND. Also P. Paulitschke, Harar: Forschungsreise nach den Somál- und Galla-Ländern Ost-Afrikas (Leipzig, 1888).

HARRATIN, black Berbers; dwelling in Tidikelt and other Saharan oases. Many of them are blacker than the average negro. In physique, however, they are true to the Berber type, being of handsome appearance with European features and wellproportioned bodies. They are the result of an early crossing with the Sudanese negro races, though to-day they have all the pride of the Berbers (q.v.), and do not live with or intermarry among negroes.

HARRIER, or HEN-HARRIER, name given to certain birds of prey which were formerly very abundant in parts of the British Islands, from their habit of harrying poultry. The first of these names has now become used in a generic sense for all the species ranked under the genus Circus of Lacépède, and the second confined to the particular species which is the Falco cyaneus of Linnaeus and the Circus cyaneus of modern ornithologists.

One European species, C. aeruginosus, though called in books the marsh-harrier, is far more commonly known in England and Ireland as the moor-buzzard. But harriers are not, like buzzards, arboreal in their habits, and always affect open country, generally, though not invariably, preferring marshy or fenny districts, for snakes and frogs form a great part of their ordinary food. On the ground their carriage is utterly unlike that of a buzzard, and their long wings and legs render it easy to distinguish the two groups when taken in the hand. All the species also have a more or less well-developed ruff or frill of small thickset feathers surrounding the lower part of the head, nearly like that seen in owls, and accordingly many systematists consider that the genus Circus, though undoubtedly belonging to the Falconidae, connects that family with the Striges. No osteological affinity, however, can be established between the harriers and any section of the owls, and the superficial resemblance will have to be explained in some other way. Harriers are found almost all over the world,' and

1 The distribution of the different species is rather curious, while the range of some is exceedingly wide,-one, C. maillardi, seems to be limited to the island of Réunion (Bourbon).

beginning of the 19th century that the "ringtail," as she was
called (the Falco pygargus of Linnaeus), was generally admitted
to be the female of the "hen-harrier." But this was not Montagu's
only good service as regards this genus. He proved the hitherto
unexpected existence of a second species, subject to the same
diversity of plumage. This was called by him the ash-coloured
falcon, but it now generally bears his name, and is known as
Montagu's harrier, C. cineraceus. In habits it is very similar to
the hen-harrier, but it has longer wings, and its range is not so
northerly, for while the hen-harrier extends to Lapland, Mon-
tagu's is but very rare in Scotland, though in the south of
England it is the most common species. Harriers indeed in the
British Islands are rapidly becoming things of the past. Their
nests are easily found, and the birds when nesting are easily
destroyed. In the south-east of Europe, reaching also to the
Cape of Good Hope and to India, there is a fourth species, the
C. swainsoni of some writers, the C. pallidus of others. In North
America C. cyaneus is represented by a kindred form, C. hudsonius,
usually regarded as a good species, the adult male of which is
always to be recognized by its rufous markings beneath, in which
character it rather resembles C. cineraceus, but it has not the long
wings of that species. South America has in C. cinereus another
representative form, while China, India and Australia possess
more of this type. Thus there is a section in which the males
have a strongly contrasted black and grey plumage, and finally
there is a group of larger forms allied to the European C. aeru-
ginosus, wherein a grey dress is less often attained, of which the
South African C. ranivorus and the New Zealand C. gouldi are
examples.
(A. N.)

HARRIGAN, EDWARD (1845- ), American actor, was born in New York of Irish parents on the 26th of October 1845. He made his first appearance in San Francisco in 1867, and soon afterwards formed a stage partnership with Tony Hart, whose real name was Anthony Cannon. As" Harrigan and Hart," they had a great success in the presentation of types of low life in New York. Beginning as simple sketches, these were gradually worked up into plays, with occasional songs, set to popular music

A singular mistake, which has been productive of further error, was made by Albin, who drew his figure (Hist. Birds, ii. pl. 5) from a specimen of one species, and coloured it from a specimen of the other.

Stanhope (d. 1638), was a half-brother of Philip Stanhope, ist earl of Chesterfield. Educated at Eton, William Stanhope entered the army and served in Spain, but soon he turned his attention to more peaceful pursuits, went on a mission to Madrid and represented his country at Turin. When peace was made between England and Spain in 1720 Stanhope became British ambassador to the latter country, and he retained this position until March 1727, having built up his reputation as a diplomatist during a difficult period. In 1729 he had some part in arranging the treaty of Seville between England, France and Spain, and for his services in this matter he was created Baron Harrington in January 1730. Later in the same year he was appointed secretary of state for the northern department under Sir Robert Walpole, but, like George II., he was anxious to assist the emperor Charles VI. in his war with France, while Walpole favoured a policy of secretary until the great minister's fall in 1742, when he was transferred to the office of president of the council and was created earl of Harrington and Viscount Petersham. In 1744, owing to the influence of his political allies, the Pelhams, he returned to his former post of secretary of state, but he soon lost the favour of the king, and this was the principal cause why he left office in October 1746. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland from 1747 to 1751, and he died in London on the 8th of December 1756.

by David Braham. The titles of these plays indicate their | politician during the reign of George I. His ancestor, Sir John character, The Mulligan Guards, Squatter Sovereignty, A Leather Patch, The O'Regans. The partnership with Hart lasted from 1871-1884. Subsequently Harrigan played in different cities of the United States, one of his favourite parts being George Coggswell in Old Lavender. HARRIMAN, EDWARD HENRY (1848-1909), American financier and railroad magnate, son of the Rev. Orlando Harriman, rector of St George's Episcopal church, Hempstead, L.I., was born at Hempstead on the 25th of February 1848. He became a broker's clerk in New York at an early age, and in 1870 was able to buy a seat on the New York Stock Exchange on his own account. For a good many years there was nothing sensational in his success, but he built up a considerable business connexion and prospered in his financial operations. Meanwhile he carefully mastered the situation affecting American railways. In this respect he was assisted by his friendship with Mr Stuy-peace. Although the latter had his way Harrington remained vesant Fish, who, on becoming vice-president of the Illinois Central in 1883, brought Harriman upon the directorate, and in 1887, being then president, made Harriman vice-president; twenty years later it was Harriman who dominated the finance of the Illinois Central, and Fish, having become his opponent, was dropped from the board. It was not till 1898, however, that his career as a great railway organizer began with his formation, by the aid of the bankers, Kuhn, Loeb & Co., of a syndicate to acquire the Union Pacific line, which was then in the hands of a receiver and was generally regarded as a hopeless failure. It was soon found that a new power had arisen in the railway world. Having brought the Union Pacific out of bankruptcy into prosperity, and made it an efficient instead of a decaying line, he utilized his position to draw other lines within his control, notably the Southern Pacific in 1901. These extensions of his power were not made without friction, and his abortive contest in 1901 with James J. Hill for the control of the Northern Pacific led to one of the most serious financial crises ever known on Wall Street. But in the result he became the dominant factor in American railway matters. At his death, on the 9th of September 1909, his influence was estimated to extend over 60,000 m. of track, with an annual earning power of $700,000,000 or over. Astute and unscrupulous manipulation of the stock markets, and a capacity for the hardest of bargaining and the most determined warfare against his rivals, had their place in this success, and Harriman's methods excited the bitterest criticism, culminating in a stern denunciation from President Roosevelt himself in 1907. Nevertheless, besides acquiring colossal wealth for himself, he helped to create for the American public a vastly improved railway service, the benefit of which survived all controversy as to the means by which he triumphed over the obstacles in his way.

HARRIMAN, a city of Roane county, Tennessee, U.S.A., on the Emory river, about 35 m. W. by S. of Knoxville. Pop. (1900) 3442 (516 being negroes); (1910) 3061. Harriman is served by the Harriman & North Eastern, the Tennessee Central, and the Southern railways. It is the seat of the East Tennessee Normal and Industrial Institute, for negroes, and of the American University of Harriman (Christian Church, coeducational; 1893), which comprises primary, preparatory, collegiate, Bible school, civic research, commercial, music and art departments, and in 19071908 had 12 instructors and 317 students. Near the city are large deposits of iron and an abundance of coal and timber. Among manufactures are cotton products, farming tools, leather, tannic acid, fúrniture and flour. Harriman was founded in 1890 by a land company. A clause in this company's by-laws requires that every conveyance of real estate by the company "shall contain a provision forbidding the use of the property or any building thereon, for the purpose of making, storing or selling intoxicating beverages as such." Harriman was chartered as a city in 1891, and its charter was revised in 1899.

The earl's successor was his son, William (1719-1779), who entered the army, was wounded at Fontenoy and became a general in 1770. He was a member of parliament for about ten years and he died on the 1st of April 1779. This earl's wife Caroline (1722-1784), daughter of Charles Fitzroy, 2nd duke of Grafton, was a noted beauty, but was also famous for her eccentricities. Their elder son, Charles (1753-1829), who became the 3rd earl, was a distinguished soldier. He served with the British army during the American War of Independence and attained the rank of general in 1802. From 1805 to 1812 he was commander-in-chief in Ireland; he was sent on diplomatic errands to Vienna and to Berlin, and he died at Brighton on the 15th of September 1829.

Charles Stanhope, 4th earl of Harrington (1780-1851), the eldest son of the 3rd earl, was known as Lord Petersham until he succeeded to the earldom in 1829. He was very well known in society owing partly to his eccentric habits; he dressed like the French king Henry IV., and had other personal peculiarities. He married the actress, Maria Foote, but when he died in March 1851 he left no sons, and his brother Leicester Fitzgerald Charles (1784-1862) became the 5th earl. This nobleman was a soldier and a politician of advanced views, who is best known as a worker with Lord Byron in the cause of Greek independence. He was in Greece in 1823 and 1824, where his relations with Byron were not altogether harmonious. He wrote A Sketch of the History and Influence of the Press in British India (1823); and Greece in 1823 and 1824 (English edition 1824, American edition 1825). His son Sydney Seymour Hyde, 6th earl (1845-1866), dying unmarried, was succeeded by a cousin, Charles Wyndham Stanhope (1809-1881), as 7th carl, and in 1881 the latter's son Charles Augustus Stanhope (b. 1844) became 8th earl of Harrington.

had held the barony of Stanhope of Harrington, which was created Before the time of the first earl of Harrington the Stanhope family in 1605 in favour of Sir John Stanhope (c. 1550-1621) of Harrington, Northamptonshire. Sir John was a younger son of Sir Michael Stanhope (d. 1552) of Shelford, Nottinghamshire, who was a brotherin-law of the protector Somerset. Sir Michael's support of Somerset cost him his life, as he was beheaded on the 26th of February 1552. Sir John was treasurer of the chamber from 1596 to 1616 and was a member of parliament for several years. He died on the 9th of March 1621, and when his only son Charles, 2nd baron (c. 1595-1675). died without issue in 1675 the barony became extinct.

HARRINGTON, or HARINGTON, JAMES (1611-1677), English HARRINGTON, EARLS OF. The first earl of Harrington political philosopher, was born in January 1611 of an old Rutlandwas the diplomatist and politician, William Stanhope (c. 1690-shire family. He was son of Sir Sapcotes Harrington of Rand, 1756), a younger son of John Stanhope of Elvaston, Derbyshire, and a brother of Charles Stanhope (1673-1760), an active

Lincolnshire, and great-nephew of the first Lord Harington of
Exton (d. 1615). In 1629 he entered Trinity College, Oxford, as