that only recently has the quota allowed by the contract been filled by management. The union also suggests that high schools are too oriented toward college preparation, with little to offer the student going into industry. They urge training in the skilled trades in high school and even in junior colleges. Management is critical too; they feel the universities are not supplying engineers who can deal successfully with equipment problems.

In the meantime, talk continues about who is responsible for retraining: the government, industry, or unions? It seems obvious that the responsibility should fall on industry first because of their obligations toward their workers, and profits, and then on unions because of their fraternity. But, as is so often the case, the impetus for comprehensive programs has had to come from the government. The Office of Economic Opportunity and similar programs have funded many retraining efforts for the unemployed. These programs yield less skilled machine operators, so they are expected to have little impact on toolmaker needs.

In a larger context, retraining programs cannot come too soon for some of the unemployed. The practical problems of retraining in the wake of numerical control, however, are sobering. What skills will be required? One skilled tradesman in an automotive plant complains that now he does little more than carry stacks of punched cards around. Even skilled toolmakers with years of proud work behind them look with dismay at the new apprentices and speak of the end of what has traditionally been their skilled craft.

FUTURE PROSPECTS

There is always the danger that management and labor will pursue the technical and economic benefits of numerical control and EDM while unwittingly sacrificing the wage-earning ability of displaced workersrepeating the mistakes of the meatpacking and mining industries. The displacement and change in skills brought about by numerical control and EDM will not only affect toolmakers and machinists, but will also be felt by shop owners. For many owners, a decline in or the elimination of certain tooling needs will have few implications other than the liquidation of the firm's assets and the consequent retreating to an early, but usually financially comfortable retirement. For aging and marginally skilled machinists, it may mean unstable employment. The skilled, experienced toolmaker should always find work somewhere, but not necessarily work to his liking. The younger toolmaker should supplement his basic skills with training in numerical control and EDM whenever possible.

APPENDICES

Appendix A

DESCRIPTION OF TOOL AND DIE JOB CLASSIFICATIONS*

DIEMAKERS, JIG AND

FIXTURE BUILDER CLASSIFICATIONS

Tool and Die Maker. Builds, tries out, maintains and repairs all types of tools, jigs, fixtures, and dies in use on sheet metal work; plans, lays out, and makes necessary templates from blueprints or drawings to determine the sequence of work operations using a variety of hand tools and precision instruments. Must understand the working properties of common metals and alloys to operate all basic machines of the trade with safety. Makes necessary shop computations for dimensions of work, speeds, feeds, and tooling of machines: performs on the bench all types of fitting. Finishes and assembles parts to prescribed tolerances and allowances, possesses some knowledge of tool and die design, welding, and heat-treating theories. In general, the job requires a formal apprenticeship training of 8000 hours.

Toolmaker. Builds, repairs or rebuilds and maintains all types of tools, jigs, and fixtures. Lays out work from blueprints or drawings and determines the sequence of work operations. Uses a variety of precision instruments such as micrometers, height gages, indicators, etc. Uses all types of hand tools. Understands working properties of common metals and alloys and operates basic machines of the trade. Has adequate knowledge of shop mathematics to do his work. Performs on the bench all types of fitting and assembles parts to prescribed tolerances. Has a practical knowledge of jig, fixture and tool design, makes sketches when necessary and understands welding and heat-treating theories. Generally the toolmaking trade requires a formal apprenticeship training of 8000 hours.

Diemaker. Builds, tries out, remodels and maintains all types of dies in use in sheet metal work. Determines the sequence of work operations and makes necessary layout and templates to required tolerances from blueprints or drawings. Operates basic machines of the trade using a variety of diemakers' hand tools and precision measuring instruments. Performs on the bench all types of fittings, finshing and assembling of parts. Has some knowledge of die design, welding and heat-treating theories. In general, the diemaker's trade requires a formal apprenticeship training of 8000 hours.

* Source: International Union United Auto Workers Job Description Committee, "International Union UAW Job Descriptions of the Skilled Trades," 1956.

BORING MILL AND JIG MILL CLASSIFICATIONS

Tool Jig Borer Operator. Performs precision boring and grinding, detail assembly, locating and inspection operations on a wide variety of tools, dies, jigs, fixtures, and castings. In general, these are precision boring machines on which holes are bored and ground with extreme accuracy. Tool jig borer machines vary in size, type and name; they may be vertical or horizontal, conventional or electronic. By using micrometer measuring rods, standards, and indicator dials where series of holes are bored, the operator is required to tool up the machine and to set up the job from blueprints, drawings, and charts in order to transfer the dimensions to the machines. He also must determine sequence of operations, make mathematical calculations, and select proper tools, speeds, and feeds. The operator uses various toolroom precision instruments in setting the work, and in measuring and checking steps of the work to prescribed tolerances; he must have knowledge of plain and tilting precision rotary tables and angle plates, of all types of cutting tools, of boring bars and different grades of tungsten carbide boring tools and their adaptability to the specific job being performed; last, he must be able to select proper coolants, and cutting and lubricating oils to suit the metal being machined. Generally the Tool Jig Borer Operator's job requires a formal apprenticeship training of 8000 hours as a Tool and Die Maker.

Tool Boring Machine Operator. Performs a variety of precision boring, turning, facing, and milling operations on a wide variety of tools, dies, jigs, fixtures, and castings. Generally removes material from surfaces by the cutting action of multi-toothed cutters of various sizes and shapes. Tool Boring machines are horizontal and vary in size, type, and name. They may be operated from the left or right side of the column. The operator is required to tool up machine and set up job from blueprints, drawings, layouts, and charts for transferring dimensions to graduations and standards on the machine, to determine the sequence of operations, to make mathematical calculations, and to select proper tools, speeds, and feeds. He uses various toolroom precision instruments in the setting up of work, in measuring and checking steps of the work to the prescribed tolerances. He must have knowledge of dividing head, proper uses of angle plate and precision rotary tables, both plain and tilting, and have a thorough knowledge of all types of cutting tools, milling cutters, and different grades of tungsten carbide boring tools and their adaptability to the specific job being performed. He must also be able to select proper coolants, and cutting and lubricating oils to suit the metal being machined. In general, the Tool Boring Machine Operator must have the formal apprenticeship training of 8000 hours required of the Tool and Die Maker.

GRINDER CLASSIFICATIONS

Tool Grinder Operator (All-Around). Must have knowledge of shop mathematics, be able to read and work from blueprints, and be skilled in the use of precision measuring instruments. Must have knowledge of all basic tool grinding machines, e.g., internal grinders, external grinders, surface grinders, and cutter grinders. Must set up all basic grinding machines, make mathematical calculations, select tools, and set up and use necessary measuring instruments to check work. Must have knowledge of various types of material to be ground, in order to select and dress various types of abrasive wheels. Must finish-grind to specified tolerances, and finish the various types of flat and circular work, which are made up of contours, combinations of steps, angles, and radii. Must determine sequence of operations to finish-grind tools or sections. In general, the job requires a formal apprenticeship training of 8000 hours as a Tool and Die Maker.

Tool Grinder Operator (Internal). Must have knowledge of shop mathematics, be able to read and work from blueprints, and be skilled in use of precision measuring instruments. Must have knowledge of internal grinding machines, speeds and feeds, and be able to set up and select tools, make mathematical calculations, and use necessary measuring instruments to check work. Must have knowledge of various types of material to be ground, in order to select and dress various types of abrasive wheels. Must finish-grind to specified tolerances various types of internal circular work, which are made up of contours, combinations of steps, angles, and radii, including overhang jobs supported by steady rest. Must determine sequences of work to finish-grind all surfaces where necessary to be concentric with outside diameter, or eccentric as specified. on print or sketch. In general, the job requires a formal apprenticeship training of 8000 hours as a Tool and Die Maker.

Tool Grinder Operator (External). Must have knowledge of shop mathematics, be able to read and work from blueprints, and be skilled in use of precision measuring instruments. Must have knowledge of external grinding machine, speeds and feeds, and be able to set up machines, select tools, make mathematical calculations, and use necessary measuring instruments to check work. Must have knowledge of various types of material to be ground in order to select and dress various types of abrasive wheels. Must finish-grind to specified tolerances various types of circular work made up of contours, combinations of steps, angles and radii, including long grinds supported by steady rest. Must determine sequences of work to finish-grind tools. In general, the job requires a formal apprenticeship training of 8000 hours as a Tool and Die Maker.

Tool Grinder Operator (Surface). Must have knowledge of shop mathematics, be able to read and work from blueprints, and be skilled in use of precision measuring instruments. Must have knowledge of sur