Brandy has 53.39 parts of alcohol; rum, 53.68; gin, 57.60; Scotch whiskey, 54.32; claret wine, 15.10; Malaga, 18.94; Hock, 12.08; Tokay, 9.88, &c., &c. To this principle alone all liquors owe their intoxicating qualities. Because, forsooth, beer and ale contain the same principle in less quantity, is it a reason that they will not intoxicate? Some years ago a bitter newspaper war was waged between the Scientific American, which opposed the use of beer, and some physicians and chemists who favored it. It would hardly be profitable to review this controversy; only one fact is mentioned: that one savant claimed that lager beer had nutritive qualities equal to those of milk! In Bavaria it is almost an essential article of diet among the laboring classes, and in many instances it takes the place of animal food. When a gallon a day or more is drunk, little other food than bread will be required to satisfy the appetite. But what then? Next come apoplexies, palsies, and other dangers from disorder of the nervous centres. It is quite unreasonable to suppose that it would conduce to health and longevity to deluge the stomach with a gallon of fluid in order to procure an ounce of nourishment. The stimulation, like that of every other uunatural kind, is but momentary, and is followed invariably by its period of depression. Thence arises a necessity for greater stimulation-greater quan tities of the fluid to produce it-and so on, until the depression gains the advantage over it, or until the nervous system is overwhelmed with disease, and death follows. The word "nutrition," by Pereira, is well and sensibly qual ified by the term "slightly." In Dr. Charles A. Lee's edition of this author's work on Food and Diet, there are the following sound ideas: "The practice of taking a moderate quantity of mild malt liquor, of sound quality, at dinner is in general not only unobjectionable, but beneficial. It is especially suited for those who lead an active life, and are engaged in laborious pursuits. For the sedentary and inactive it is less fitted. With bilious and dys peptic individuals it frequently disagrees, and by such, therefore, should be avoided. In plethoric constitutions, especially where there is a tendency to apoplexy, it is objectionable," &c., &c. The opinion of Dr. Benjamin Franklin is well known, but his words will bear repetition in this place. When a jour neyman printer in London, he endeavored to convince his fellow-workmen that if they would eat a penny loaf and drink a pint of water with it, they would derive more strength from it than from a pint of beer; and in proof of this he states as follows: On my entrance I worked as first pressman, conceiving that I had need of bodily exercise, to which I had been accustomed in America, I drank nothing but water. The other workmen, to the number of fifty, were great drinkers of beer. I carried occasionally a large form of letters in each hand up and down stairs, while the rest employed both hands to carry one. They were surprised to see, by this and many other examples, that the American aquatic,' as they used to call me, was stronger than those who drank porter." Dr. Lee adds that malt liquors are more deleterious in their effects upon the system than ardent spirits. "They certainly stupefy the brain, render the blood too viscid, load the cellular tissue with fat, and so modify the vital cohesion of the solids as to render wounds extremely difficult to heal, and accidents, which in water-drinkers would be attended with little or no danger, very certainly fatal."

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This declaration must be received with some grains of allowance. Intemperance in beer-drinking, like excess of any kind, is undeniably detrimental to health; but a very moderate supply of pure beer will aid digestion, quicken the powers of life, give elasticity to the body and mind, and will not induce any of the terrible results above named. In certain forms of dyspepsia it is a valuable adjuvant to other remedies; and in some cases of debility, requiring a mild tonic and gentle stimulant, it has been found a great benefit. But too great care cannot be exercised in even the moderate use of a stimulant, however mild, for the tendency of frequent indulgence is always towards drunken

ness. Hence, as soon as their administration as a medicine is no longer demanded by the condition of the patient, its further use had better be abandoned.

ADULTERATIONS.

There can be no doubt of the general adulteration of all malt liquors. In England and other countries, where heavy penalties are imposed, and an increasing vigilance practiced to detect and punish such. frauds, by a system of inspection of all malt liquors manufactured before exposed to sale, the. practice. is very common. How much more in this country, where there are no laws on the subject, and no officer to carefully analyze the products of the brewery? Some years ago Professor Mapes, of New York, analyzed the beer from a dozen different breweries, and all were found adulterated with noxious substances. It is said that the sale of drugs to brewers is a profitable part of the trade. This is perfectly infamous. Cocculus indicus, (fish-berry,) nux vomica, (dog-button, from which strychnine is obtained,) are some of the delectable substances found in beer. These are potent poisons, and the brewer found using them should be drowned at once in one of his own vats. The British Parliament passed a law to prevent this nefarious business. The following is an extract: "No druggist, vendor of or dealer in drugs, or chemist, or any other person, shall sell or deliver to any licensed brewer, dealer in or retailer of beer, knowing them to be such, or shall sell or deliver to any person on account of, or in trust for, any such brewer, dealer, or retailer, any liquor called by the name of or sold for coloring, from whatever material the same may be made; or any material or preparation other than unground brown malt, for the darkening the color of worts or beer, or any molasses, vitriol, honey, quassia, cocculus indicus, grains of paradise, Guinea pepper, or opium, or any extract or preparation of molasses, or any article or preparation to be used in worts or beer for or as a substitute for malt or hops; and if any druggist shall offend in any of these particulars, such preparation, &c., shall be forfeited, and may be seized by any officer of excise, and the person so offending shall forfeit five hundred pounds."

Under this law very many druggists and brewers were brought to grief, and yet the practice continues. Unless the American public are ready to admit the immaculate purity and innocence of American brewers, they must be content while drinking their beer, to cherish the belief that they are at the same time guzzling some narcotic poison or damaging medicine. In view of the unprecedented growth of the barley crop, of the great increase of the number of maltsters and brewers, of the vast unknown quantities of beer that are drunk in every city and almost every town on the continent, it is the dictate of sound wisdom, that the attention of legislators should be called to the subject of the adultera tion of our malt liquors, and severe penalties should be inflicted as a preventive. In the compilation of this brief text I am especially indebted to the "New American Encyclopædia," the "American Farmer's Cyclopædia," "Carson's Pereira," "Dr. Lee's Edition of Pereira's Food and Diet," and to the Agricultural Reports of the Patent Office from 1847 to 1860, and, from that date to 1864, to the valuable reports of Hon. Isaac Newton, Commissioner, of Agriculture.

MANURES AND THEIR APPLICATION.

• BY SIMON BROWN AND JOSEPH REYNOLDS, M. D., CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS,

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NATURE is always just; she never requires more of her workers than she furnishes them the means to accomplish. She requires the soil to produce plants only in proportion to the plant food she supplies to it. How does she manage with the trees of the forest? The seed is dropped upon the soil and comes up a small and tender plant, requiring but little food. Its foliage is annually dropped about its roots to protect and, by its decay, to nourish them. As it increases in size it yields more foliage, a large portion of whose substance is made up of the gases of the atmosphere condensed in the vessels of the leaves, and thus conducted to the earth. The increased amount of food which the increasing growth of the tree annually demands is thus, by its own action. annually supplied, and the supply is always in advance of the demand, so that when the trees have become too large, the mould is often accumulated to a great depth. In ancient forests, whose monumental trunks stand as landmarks of the centuries, the amount of nourishment which they require is inconceivably great; but the masses of foliage, the decaying, limbs, and the broken boles decaying in the soil, supply them with abundant food. How wonderful is this process of nature, by which the supply is increased in proportion to the demand! This is true vegetable philosophy. Says Stockhardt, "Good farming consists in taking large crops from the soil, while at the same time you leave it better than you found it." This is what nature does in the forest, on the prairie and natural meadow, until man interferes with her operations. His method is wholly unlike hers. He plants a hundred apple trees upon field; he cultivates the soil, and perhaps manures it while they are small: when they have become large enough to yield a hundred barrels of fruit, and at least a hundred barrels of leaves, he carries away the fruit, and the winds scatter the leaves. Here are two hundred barrels of vegetable matter annually removed from the soil. Could this amount of vegetable substance remain and decay upon the soil, he might reasonably expect its fertility to be sustained. But, no! He expects the soil to yield the annual crop of fruit and leaves, and to supply, in addition, the material for the increasing growth of the trees; and the larger they grow the less cultivation he gives them, and the less mannre he supplies to the soil. He takes two tons of hay from his acre of virgin soil. Can he reasonably expect another crop as large unless he applies something t protect and nourish the roots of the grass? He takes two tons of stover and fifty bushels of corn from his acre. Will he take as large a crop the next year? Unless the supply returned to the soil be in some proportion to the demand made upon it, the most fertile soil will become exhausted. A virgin soil, in which a large quantity of humus has been accumulated, may endure such a drain for a few years, but the rich prairies of Illinois, under continua! cropping, are yielding an annually diminishing harvest. Even the valley of the Nile and the cane-brakes of the Mississippi, unless renewed by the deposit from the overflowing water, would in time lose their fertility. This theory confirmed by universal experience. In the new soils of the eastern and northern regions of our country scarcely two or three crops can be taken from the land without convincing proof of the truth of this philosophy. In all this re

gion the soil, except upon the river bottoms, is comparatively thin and sterile, and the effect of every demand upon its resources, like that of a demand upon the resources of a poor man, becomes at once apparent. The great law of good husbandry is, to return to the soil an equivalent for the crop taken from it. By rotation of crops, and by deeper ploughing, tolerable crops may be obtained for a longer period, but the unproductive and deserted fields in some of the northern States and in the older southern States show that this is only a battle with time, in which time is sure to win.

We arrive, then, at the conclusion that there can be no good farming without manure. In northern climates there is an additional argument for the use of manure. Many of the most valuable crops require naturally a longer season for their growth and maturity than the climate allows, and it becomes necessary to push them forward by stimulating manures.

COMPOSITION OF MANURES.

Such being the facts, it is obvious that the manure heap is the bank from which the farmer must draw his working capital. What, then, is manure? We have said it is plant food-any substance upon which the plant feeds in the soil. Anything which the plant derives from the atmosphere, although it contributes to its nourishment, is not denominated manure. We confine the term to substances applied to the soil. The term is said to be derived from manus, the hand, and is confined to substances applied to plants by the hand. The food of plants consists, first, of carbonic acid, or carbon combined with oxygen. By this chemical combination carbon is rendered capable of being taken into the vessels of plants. The framework or chief bulk of all trees and plants is composed of carbon, and, as it decays more slowly than most of the other components of vegetables, it is left in the process of decay more or less free from all other elements. The bulk of all the solid excrement that passes through animals consists of carbonaceous matter. Starch, gum, sugar, oils, and woody fibre consist largely of carbon. Peat consists of decayed vegetable matter, chiefly carbon, combined with earths, acids, and salts. All the substances composing the compost heap, whether animal excrement or decayed vegetable matter, as muck, grasses, straw, beans, vines, fruits, grains, seeds, or other vegetable growths, consist largely of carbon, either combined with oxygen, or rapidly coming into a condition that will enable it to combine with it.

Second, Salts. Various salts enter into the composition of plants, as the salts of lime, potash, soda, silex, magnesia, sulphur, iron, and manganese. Nitrogen and hydrogen also are important elements of plants, but as they are extremely volatile they are applied in the form of ammonia, which consists of these two gases. Ammonia is never found in plauts, but is decomposed either in the soil or in their vessels before its constituents are appropriated to their use. These salts are all found in the secretions of animals, especially in the liquid secretions, being derived by them chiefly from the vegetables on which they feed. Ammonia is abundant in animal secretions, being formed in them by the chemical union of hydrogen and nitrogen. The elements of ammonia not only enter into the composition of plants, but they operate as stimulants to their secreting and assimilating vessels. Decaying animal substances, as flesh, hair, wool, feathers, skin, and gelatine, yield a large amount of ammonia, it being formed in the process of putrefaction by the union of their nitrogen with the hydrogen of water. All these salts are also found in the soil, the source from which they are ultimately derived by animals. By salts we mean earths, alkalies, and metals, chemically combined with acids, as carbonate and sulphate of lime, sulphate and muriate of potash and soda, silicate of lime,

sulphate of iron and manganese, &c. These all come into the category of plant food, and are essential elements of manures.

Third, Acids. These are important elements in manures. They are seldom, with the exception of carbonic acid, found in a free state, but combined with the earths, alkalies, and metals. Their chief use appears to be as solvents for these substances. Salts compounded of them enter sparingly into the composition of vegetables. The acids themselves are believed by some vegetable chemists to be decomposed, and to enter into new combinations, thus assisting to form the acids found in the fruits and juices of many plants.

Fourth, Gases. Another important element of plant food, and consequently of manure, consists of various gases combined with the soil, or dissolved in water. They are sulphuretted hydrogen, consisting of sulphur and hydrogen; carburetted hydrogen, consisting of carbon and hydrogen; phosphuretted hy drogen, consisting of phosphorus and hydrogen; and carbonic acid gas, consisting of carbon and oxygen. The sulphuretted and phosphuretted hydrogen occasion the peculiar and offensive odors given off by manures in a putrefying state. Ammonia exists in manures in a gaseous form, except when combined with sulphuric or other acids, or with carbonaceous or aluminous substances, which have the power of condensing and retaining it.

Fifth, Water. Water, either pure or in combination with acids or alkalies, is the universal solvent employed by nature. If pure water cannot dissolve a substance, nature adds an acid or an alkali, and sometimes a third substance, to enable it to effect the solution. Water cannot dissolve silex, but, by first dissolving a quantity of carbonate of lime, it becomes able to dissolve silex, and form silicate of lime. Water contains, in solution, earths, alkalies, acids, and gases. It is everywhere present when animal or vegetable growth is going on, supplying to the vessels of their organs, in that state of minute division which can be effected only by solution, the materials which they require to construct their different tissues. Besides this, it enters largely into the composition of the blood and juices of all organized beings, and readily allows itself to be decomposed when either its oxygen or hydrogen are wanted.

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The above-named substances, viz: carbon, salts with alkaline, earthy and metallic bases, sulphur, iron, manganese, acids, gases, and water, are the pri cipal elements of manures. They are found in different proportions in different manures, and are rarely all found in any one manure. The different effects of different manures is owing to this fact, as well as to the difference in the soils to which they are applied. Carbonaceous manures applied to a soil consisting largely of humus will produce but little effect upon the growing crop except as a mechanical means of lightening the soil. Such soils require alkalies or matter containing nitrogen. On the other hand, sandy soils, which are deficient in carbon, are greatly benefited by manures containing a large percentage carbon. Hence we may learn the advantage of mixing soils containing different elements. The peaty soil does not afford the silex and lime needed to give fin ness and strength to the culms of grass and grain. The sandy soil does not furnish the carbon needed to construct their growing frame work. A mixt of the two will furnish all the materials needed. Manures containing a larg proportion of nitrogen stimulate plants to a large and vigorous growth. These containing phosphorus, or phosphate of lime, contribute to the size and plan ness of the grain and seed-hence the benefit of combining them both in the culture of the garden and field. That may be considered a manure which sup plies any want of the soil, or of the growing crop. But a perfect manure is that which supplies all the wants of all crops in all soils, or a manure containing al the elements above named. To use such a manure in all cases would be a wash of material, for they are not all wanted, perhaps, in any one case. To determine what elements of manure we can most economically use, it is necessary to ase tain the condition of the soil, and the elements of nutrition required by the crop