and the greatest diameter is found sometimes in one direction, sometimes in another, somewhat after the manner of cotton. This gives them an advantage in spinning, furnishing a better hold of the fibres upon others than if circular in section. It is said that specimens of the oriental fabric have been examined, in which the thread was untwisted, being made up of long filaments joined end to end by some glue or cement."

The Balmeria was introduced into the United States botanical garden in 1855. It was cultivated to some extent, with reference to testing the possibility of acclimatizing it in the southern States. It has not been ascertained whether such tests were actually and satisfactorily made. It is at present growing in the garden of this department from seed received from China in 1865. It proves too tender to withstand the frosts of this climate. The latitude of the Potomac is evidently its northern limit. The plant grows here very freely during the summer, and attains full size and maturity, but the roots are liable to be destroyed during winter. Experiments will be made to ascertain whether this plant cannot be cultivated advantageously by storing its roots during winter, and planting annually, as is done with many similar plants.

In China, a light sandy soil in a convenient location for irrigation is selected for its culture. Beds four feet in width are pulverized well, pressed down and rolled smooth, afterwards watered and raked again before sowing the seed, which are sprinkled on the surface, in combination with four or five parts of moist earth to one of seed, but not covered with soil. Light mats protect the seeds during germination, and the young plants where the sun's rays are most powerful. The mats are kept wet, and are removed at night.

The beds are kept clear of weeds, and the plants, when two inches high, are transferred to a stiffer soil, placed four inches apart, excluded from the light and air, and well watered and hoed. The watering is repeated every two days. A ter transplanting, the plants are covered with fresh horse or cow manure. They soon throw out their new shoots, which may be removed and planted elsewhere. This mode of propagation, and that of covering, are often successfully adopted. The roots, which are fleshy tubers, multiply and intertwine, and make replanting necessary in a few years.

These

The seed is sown in February, and the first cutting is made in June. The harvest is gathered three times during the season, at intervals of two months. The second crop is of rapid growth and of finer quality than the first or third. The stems are cut soon after new shoots put forth from the root stock shoots then grow vigorously and constitute the next crop. The seeds are yielded by the main shoots, are gathered in October, dried in the sun, mixed with damp sand, and covered with straw to keep them from the frost. Before they are used they are tested in water, and those that do not sink are thrown out as useless. The best seeds are in color a spotted black.

The mode of preparation in China is thus given in Warden's “Linen Trade,

Ancient and Modern :"

"The first year, when the plants are a foot high, they are gathered, and the fibres of the cut straw are fit for spinning. The tchou-ma or China grass may be gathered three times a year, and when the stems are cut the little shoots springing up from the root stock should be about an inch high. After the large ems are cut the suckers spring up with more vigor, and soon furnish a second crop. The seed should be sown in February; within four months the first crop may be reaped; two months thereafter the second is ready, and in other two maths the third and last crop may be cut. The stems of the second crop grow fister than the others, and yield the finest quality of fibre. After reaping the op the stocks must be covered with manure, and immediately watered.

The stems are split longitu linally with knives, the bark being first removed; then the lower layer is scraped off, and the under leaves are displayed and removed by boiling in water. The first layer is coarse and hard, and only fit for

common materials; the second is finer and more pliable, and the third is the best, and is used for the finest purposes. After peeling the fibres they are tied in skeins, steeped for a night in a pan of water, and then dried. They are then again steeped in water containing ashes of burnt mulberry wood, then in water and chalk, and then boiled in water containing straw, which makes them white and supple. They are then dried in the sun, again boiled in pure water, washed, and once more dried in the sun, after which they are joined end to end and on a wheel, and the long threads thus formed make the warp and woof of the cloth to be manufactured. Others prepare the stems by boiling in lime water, and washing, &c. ; others by wetting with dew at night, and sun-drying by day; and others by the steam of boiling water; so that the mode of softening and bleaching the fibre is not uniform."

spun

Recent improvements in the manufacture of this fibre, as seen in specimens received from individuals in this country and Great Britain, have excited considerable interest, and elicited inquiry; in fact, the subject came before the Senate of the United States, in connexion with a letter (enclosing samples of goods) of Mr. William H. Richards, of Boston, and a resolution was adopted calling upon the Senate Committee on Agriculture to "investigate the subject of procuring the seed and cultivating the China grass.'

It is to be hoped that manufacturers will continue their attempts to perfect and extend this manufacture, and that farmers, if the effort to acclimatize is successful, will, especially in the south, test the capabilities of our soils and climate for the extensive production of this fibre as a material for manufactures.

ALSIKE CLOVER.

[Translated from the "Hand-Book of Swedish Agriculture," by J. ARRHENIUS, Secretary to the Royal Academy of Agriculture, and late Superintendent of the Ultuna Agricultural Institute. ]

ALSIKE CLOVER (trifolium hybridum) is a pale red perennial species of clover, which, mixed with grass, is cultivated with great advantage on permanent grass land, whether employed for pasture or mowing. This species of clover thrives best on marly clay with a somewhat moist bottom.

Alsike clover has obtained its name from the parish of Alsike, in Upland, where it was first discovered, and where it grows in the greatest abundance in every field ditch. Besides this, it is found wild with us from Skane up to Helsingland, and also in Norway and Finland, where, on fallow land, we have seen it growing luxuriantly. This species of clover is consequently native to our country, and proves itself, both here and in the border countries, to be a hardy plant, especially adapted to cultivation in our rigorous climate. It was not until the beginning of the present century that this species of clover was cultivated by us, and in 1834 it was introduced into England by Mr. George Stephens, under the name of Alsike clover. Both by this name, as well as by that of Swedish clover, it is now known not only in England and Scotland, but also in Denmark, Germany, and France, into which countries it is now annually imported from Sweden.

This species of clover has pale red flowers, a somewhat lank stalk, and oval obtuse leaves, which are less and of a lighter green than those of red clover. The flower-head, growing from the upper leaf joint, is globular, and formed of fragrant blossoms supported by stems. These blossoms are at first whitish aud

upright, and subsequently of a pale red, which, when the flowering has passed, become brown and somewhat bent. The calyx is smooth, and its tags of equal length. The seed pods, containing three or four grains of seed, extend out of the calyx, surrounded by the withered crown. The seed is much less than that of red clover, is in the form of a kidney, and dark green or verging somewhat towards violet. Yellow green seed of this plant is not ripe.

Alsike clover does not attain its full luxuriance until the second or third year after it has been sown, and during the first year seldom arrives at any great degree of growth. It is therefore best adapted to mixture with grass, for permanent grass land. It yields, on suitable and fruitful soil, rich and good fodder. It loves clayey soil, especially marly clay, with a somewhat moist position; but it also thrives on cultivated fens and marshes. Alsike clover grows but little after mowing, and no second crop can be expected from it, as is the case with red clover. Both in this respect, as well as in the longer time it requires before it yields a full crop, Alsike clover stands after red clover. Its great and undeniable advantage, on the other hand, lies in the fact that it is far more hardy than red clover, and can be cultivated on moist soil, and land that is flooded at certain times of the year, on which red clover will not grow. If Alsike clover be mixed with white clover and suitable grass, it yields rich and certain crops, and when cultivated on arable land common red clover may and should be mixed with the seed with which the field is sown, by which the great advantage is gained that, the first year after sowing, two erops of fodder may be gathered, chiefly consisting of red clover; and that the following years, in the same proportion as the red clover declines the Alsike clover appears in its place, and yields rich and certain crops, together with the grass with which it is sown.

With reference to cultivation and tending, the same prescriptions will apply, in the main, that are usually given with respect to red clover, with the addition of the following: As Alsike clover, in full vegetation, has a great tendency to lodge, it should always, when cultivated for fodder, be sown together with grassby preference with meadow or fox-tail grass on marshy land, and with timothy grass on drier soil. The crops by this means become much richer, and the grass supports the Alsike clover, so that it does not fall down to the ground and

rot.

As Alsike clover seed is not more than about half the size of red clover seed, no more than about half as much, in measure, of the former is required as of the latter, and may be sown winnowed or in its pods like red clover. Every farmer will soon learn by observation what quantity of seed is required to the acre. If he uses the unwinnowed, or seed in the pod, the quantity required is four or five times greater than if he uses the clean seed.

The quality of grass and other kinds of seed that should be mixed with Alsike clover in sowing, when it is cultivated for fodder, we will specify below. Alsike clover seed, both winnowed and unwinnowed, may be sown in the autumn, directly after the sowing of autumn grain, or in the spring. When the seed is unwinnowed it is considered best to sow it in the autumn; it may, however, also be sown in the spring on the last snow. From the time Alsike clover first began to be cultivated by us, it has been found that "the unwinnowed seed produces a stronger growth than the winnowed," which has been rightly-atiributed to the fact that "the tender shoot derives, in part, its first nourishment from the husks that surround the seed." (Annals of the Academy of Agriculture for the year 1819, 2d vol., p. 223.)

The yield of mixed grass and Alsike clover seed is, on good and rich soil, very considerable. Lundström (Hand Book for Farming, p. 294,) considers that it should yield, with certainty, from two to three tons per acre. · At Frötuna,

in Nerike, in four years, one of which was a very dry year, the average yield was nearly two tons of Alsike clover and timothy hay per acre; the largest crop, on well manured and lime strewed soil, amounted to between four and five

tons per acre, (Farming Transactions, 2d vol., p. 104,) a yield that certainly cannot be expected, excepting on very rich soil and in rainy years, in which Alsike clover especially thrives and attains much greater luxuriance than in ordinary dry summers. It yields, however, in general, good and safe crops, and both in the middle of Sweden, (especially in Nerike,) as well as at several places in Upland, Gestrickland, and Helsingland, Alsike clover mixed with grass is prized as being far more reliable than red clover. Alsike clover yields, too, better and finer hay, and when ripe the stalk is not so hard as red clover. Gathering the seed of Alsike clover demands especial care, as it is of importance to gather seed for home use; the purchase of such seed being always connected with considerable expense. In addition to this, however, the gathering of Alsike clover seed for sale may be attended with considerable profit, it being in great request in the foreign markets and fetching high prices. It is also well known that the gathering and sale of Alsike clover seed is now prosecuted on several estates as the main object, and it is desirable that the production of this seed for sale were more generally carried out, as from it might be derived a very profitable article of export.

On one estate in Sweden, where twenty acres were set apart for raising the seed, the average annual production for five years was 133 pounds per acre, while the production one year was 200 pounds per acre. When it is recollected that Alsike clover seed generally obtains in the market about double the price of the common red clover seed, it is evident that the gathering of the former seed must render a very handsome return.

Alsike clover seed is more easily threshed than red clover seed. When enltivated and threshed together, the Alsike clover seed always comes out of the pods before the red clover seed. The ripened seed-head of Alsike clover, however, falls off easier than that of red clover, and therefore in mowing Alsike clover that has been allowed to ripen, still greater care must be taken than with the seed of red clover.

The mowing of ripe Alsike clover should always be effected either early in the morning or late in the evening while it is moist with dew; otherwise the riper seed pods fall off with the best and finest seed, however carefully the mowing may be performed. The mowed Alsike clover is left lying as it falle, and is turned once or twice while moist with dew, after which it is housed when dry. In carting home canvas lining should be used in the carts, of sufficient size to cover the whole of the bottom and a part of the sides of the carts, so that those seed pods that fall off in carting may not be lost.

If Alsike clover be employed for home use, it may, as mentioned above, be used unwinnowed or winnowed, and if in such case it be mixed with the seed of red clover or timothy grass, no injury would be caused, as, for the reasons before stated, the seeds of these plants may in any case be advantageously mixed with the seed of Alsike clover. If Alsike clover seed is to be sold, and especially if it is to go abroad, it should be perfectly clean and free from admixture with other seed. Every grain of seed found amongst another kind of seed which is intended to be perfectly winnowed, must be considered as weed seed, and the worst weed in Alsike clover that is left to ripen is timothy grass. Red clover seed may be separated from Alsike clover seed by means of a fine riddle adapted to the purpose, so that the former remains while the latter passes through the riddle; but this is not the case with timothy seed, which is so fine that even in the last riddling (of which more below) it cannot be separated from the Alsike clover seed. It is therefore best in the early summer, if it be observed that the Alsike clover is mixed with timothy, to mow the timothy as soon as it has shot into the ear, provided the seed of the Alsike clover is intended for the market.

Alsike clover is threshed like red clover. The experience of the farmer will direct him to the best method of separating the seed from the pod. It may

be

done by passing the straw through a threshing machine, and then carefully separating it from the pods, which must be again (and perhaps more than once) passed through the machine to open them. But a better method, probably, is to thresh with the flail; for by this method the seed is disengaged from the pod and falls on the floor, instead of being blown away and often lost by the action of the machine. The pod is also more effectually and surely opened by the use

of the flail.

When the seed has been winnowed on the corn sieve, it is riddled through three riddles of different degrees of fineness adapted to the purpose. The coarsest riddle is used first to separate coarse weed seed and anything else that may be mixed with the Alsike clover seed; then the second; and, lastly, the third and finest riddle. If the seed be dusty when it has passed through the last riddle, then, as a final process, it is slowly and cautiously passed through the corn sieve once more, by which means the dust is blown away.

BARLEY AND ITS
ITS USES.

BY J. M. SHAFFER, FAIRFIELD, IOWA.

BARLEY was cultivated in Egypt as food fifteen hundred years before the Christian era. The inspired historian records that hail was sent upon the land of Egypt as one of the plagues, and by it "the flax and the barley were smitten, for the barley was in the ear and the flax was bolled.” Wheat was sown in that country in November and December, as soon as the Nile receded, and was reaped in May. Pliny says that barley is ready for the harvest six months after planting, and other grains seven months. There can be no doubt, from this early mention of barley in connexion with other cereals, that it formed no inconsiderable portion of the food of the people. A "homer of barley" is mentioned very frequently in the Bible, and contained seventy-five gallons and three pints, while the "ephah of barley" was about one-tenth the capacity of the homer.

The Israelites, under the leadership of Moses, in their forty years journeyings from Egypt to Canaan, were rebellious, and could only, it seems, be restrained from their lusts by a continuous display of signs and miracles. In the last year of their sojourn, Jehovah recounted their acts and His own, and, to incite them to faithfulness, He draws the following sublime picture of the land which was promised them for an inheritance: A good land; a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; a land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranites; a land of oil, olive, and honey; a land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass." Barley is here found associated with all that delights the eye, ministers to the comfort, and tends to render a country healthful, plentiful, and desirable. This, to the most unreflecting mind, is proof of its importance at that early period in the history of the race.

Twelve hundred and forty-five years before Christ, distinct mention is made of the "cake of barley." Gideon overheard, in the camp of the enemy, a comrade tell a dream how a "cake of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came unto a tent and smote it, that it fell." Doubtless a dream and its interpretation inspired of Deity to give assurance to Gideon that the