their habits. The ash-headed goose, claphaga poliocephala, may be particularly noticed, as they have increased rapidly since their in roduction in 1849. The Cereopsis goose (Cereopsis nora hollandia,) or Cape Barren goose, from Australia, breeds almost every year in the gardens. This bird is large and of a gray color; its bill is very short, with the base of a yellow green tint; the legs are pinkish, and the feet dark. The bar-headed goose, (Anser indicus,) from Hindostan, is so called from the head, which is white, being barred with a black stripe running across it from the eyes, and another similar stripe below them. The red-breasted goose, Bernicla ruficollis, from northeastern Europe. and northern Asia, is very rare. The crown of the head is black with a white patch near the bill; on each cheek is a red patch bordered with white, and its neck at a distance appeared to be longitudinally striped with white and a dark color.

The beautiful Bahama duck has been bred very freely in a state of semidomestication, and might be introduced here in our lakes and ornamental ponds. Among the swine in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London may be seen the West Indian river hog, Palamocharus penicillatus, which is remarkable for large protuberances on each side of its face; its color is reddish yel low, with a white line on the back, and a white stripe around the eyes and on the cheeks; its tail is long and straight, and the ears are upright, narrow, and tufted with hair at the end.

The white-whiskered pig, or Japanese wild swine, Sus leucomystax, resembles our peccary. The young of the European wild boar are of a dirty brown color, longitudinally striped with lines of a lighter color; these lines disappear with age. This fact is merely mentioned as the young of our semi-wild hogs in the south are sometimes striped in a similar manner.

The Andaman pig appeared to be the most susceptible of domestication, as it was very quiet, and showed a tendency to fatten; indeed it looked very much like a domesticated swine of the Chinese blood, and was of a blackish color, with erect short ears.

The wild sheep were represented by the Barbary sheep, Ovis tragelaphus. This animal approaches near the goat in many respects. The Punjaub wild sheep, Ovis cycloceros, from northern India, and the European moufflon, Oris musimon, from Corsica and Sardinia, have both bred in confinement.

These notes in regard to the gardens of acclimatization, and the animals and birds therein, have been more extended and minute in detail than might appear necessary; but it was thought that many of the observations here made would be useful in this country to founders of the new parks and public grounds now becoming so popular in all our large cities. Also, the facts here made known may be of interest to the Department of Agriculture, should it decide to institute. a similar establishment for breeding such useful animals and fowls as it might be found desirable to introduce and acclimatize.

It may be further added, that at the exposition of insects I was an exhibitor as well as an observer, having taken with me a colored copy of my insect plates, 130 in number, to which I had attached a catalogue of the vegetable substances fed upon by insects. By the aid of these plates and the catalogue I was able to explain the idea upon which the entomological division of our national agricultural museum is based. The French had nothing like it at the Exposition, and to prove the estimation in which the work and the plan were held by them, I have the honor to report to you that I received therefor the great gold medal of his Majesty the Emperor. Also, to this may be appended the following extract, translated from the official report of the exhibition, page 115, of the "Documents relating to the Exposition of Insects, held at the Palace of Industry, at Paris, in 1865:"

"The grand gold medal of the Emperor yet remained to be decrced, and the jury sought to ascertain to whom the high award was due; when, at a late hour,

a stranger, an American, M. Townend Glover, attached to the Department of Agriculture, at Washington, presented himself with a work on practical entomology, applicable to agriculture; this work, comprising, on 130 copper plates, the useful and noxious insects of North America, belonging to all the orders established by naturalists, coleoptera, &c., is designed and executed by the exhibitor himself from nature, and presents them in their three forms of larva, pupa, and perfect insect.

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To these 130 plates is attached a table with numbers, which refer to the text, and indicate the plants, trees, or shrubs commonly inhabited by each larva or insect, mentioning the parts attacked, whether the roots, leaves, wood, fruits, grains, &c.; the nature of the damage done, the habits of the insects, the remedies, old and new, to prevent their ravages, and, as far as known, the efficacy of the remedies. These plates have been executed with the greatest care, the insects being represented with exact fidelity to nature. In brief, this work, which has cost the author ten years of research and observation, and for which he well merits the high position he occupies in the Department of Agriculture at Washington, was judged by an eminently scientific jury to be original in its style and character, and deserving to be copied by the entomologists of France as a desideratum in the application of their science to agriculture.

"This work, though not yet completed in the text, is remarkable for its plan. One division in it is especially full of interest to us; it is that which treats of the cotton plant, (now being cultivated in several of our provinces in Algeria,) with representations of the insects which attack the roots, the flower, and the capsule." All of which is respectfully submitted.

Hon. ISAAC NEWTON,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

TOWNEND GLOVER.

RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIAL CONDITION OF THE SOUTHERN STATES.

BY DANIEL R. GOODLOE, OF NORTH CAROLINA.

THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL REVOLUTION.

The attempt of the slaveholding States to throw off their allegiance to the Constitution of the Union has been properly designated a rebellion; while the failure of the effort has been attended by consequences which can only be characterized as a revolution, more complete and radical, as it affects themselves, than any of which history furnishes a record. This revolution is in every point of view unique. It was not intended or contemplated by the authors of the rebellion, but has resulted from their abortive enterprise. It is two-fold in its nature-political and social. The oligarchy which has so long ruled the country is, for the time being, stripped of all power, and its members are suing for pardon at the hands of the national Executive. As a powerful class, bound together by common interests, it is forever dissolved by the destruction of slavery. The passions which inspired it in the past will cling to the individuals composing it; but they must cease to have a great common bond of fellowship, and they can no longer be united in a common purpose.

But it is the radical and compulsory change in the social system which distinguishes the southern from all other revolutions, ancient and modern, and which has caused a temporary paralysis of industry.

The whole structure of southern society was founded on slavery.

It was the

one great controlling interest. The institution was a curse to the country. It

retarded industry and enterprise by an unnecessary absorption of capital. It gave all to agriculture, and left nothing for commerce and manufactures; but in the actual condition of things, slaves constituted the most valuable property of the southern people. Land was always dull of sale; town lots and other property were never in great demand; manufacturing and mechanical investments were rarely safe; but negro property was always available. Slaves were portable, and could be sold at a large profit by their transfer from the old and wornout plantations of Virginia and the Carolinas to the fertile cotton fields of the southwest. Generations had been educated in the employment of slave labor, with all its attendant circumstances; and the sudden destruction of the system produces a derangement and disorganization of industry not unlike that which would follow an instantaneous transfer of the population of the city to the country, or of the country to the city. The people must learn new methods of conducting their farms and households, and must become habituated to the idea that their late slaves are freemen, before the south can resume its former prosperity. STATISTICS OF POPULATION, AREA, INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, AND WEALTH. The great change which has taken place in the labor system of the south presents the opportunity for infusing new elements into southern life and new ideas of industrial enterprise. The desire for information in regard to the condition and resources of the southern States has been greatly stimulated since the overthrow of the rebellion and of slavery. The voluminous reports of the Census bureau, although abounding in such information, are not accessible to the public at large; and the knowledge to be obtained from them is diffused over a large space, and through several quarto volumes. There are also other sources of valuable facts in regard to the south, and it has been thought advisable to present the whole subject in a single article through the pages of this report. Before entering into a review of the nature and characteristics of slavery as a system of organized labor, and upon the consequences which result from its abolition, the following tables and statistical statements are presented, in order that the reader may have, so to speak, the whole case before him. It will be seen that the "border States" which remained in allegiance to the Union are distinguished, as far as was practicable, from those which engaged in the rebellion. The tables here presented are deduced from the census, but not without considerable labor. It has been of late years the practice with the compilers of the census returns to place the statistics of the several States in alphabetical order, thus confounding the slaveholding with the non-slaveholding. The inconveniences of this arrangement have often been experienced by writers and speakers, as well as by the students of American statistics. It has not been without considerable labor that I have rearranged them in the order in which they stand in this article, which shows at a glance the relative wealth, population, and resources of the south as compared with those of the north.

Territorial extent and population to the square mile.

BORDER STATES AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Population of the southern States and District of Columbia in 1860.

*The addition of Berkeley and Jefferson counties will add 27,060 to the total population.

The following statistics, compiled chiefly from the census, will further set forth the wealth and resources of the south:

*In the census returns the value of real and personal estate is given in the aggregate for each State, and it is therefore impracticable to distinguish between East and West Virginia in this respect. The valuation of property for the State, as it existed in 1860, is stated in its proper place.

1 For the reason stated above, the valuations include those of West Virginia.