the gold, silver, white and spotted. The Holland Padua resembles our black fowls, with large white top-knots, sometimes called white top-knot Spanish.

The Brahma pootra fowls were introduced into France from Assam in about 1850, are very large, and have a simple dentated comb of medium size; their colors are white, checkered with black, and their legs and feet are heavily feathered. In the gardens are three varieties—the blue, the common, and “la varieté inverse." The "Race de Nankin," or Cochin China, are natives of the warm regions of China, and were introduced into France in 1846. They are splendid fowls, of a very large size, very clumsy in shape and gait, of a buff color, and with no tail to speak of; their feet are covered with feathers, and their comb is single and notched. Of these fowls there are four varieties on exhibition; the white, the cuckoo or mottled, the black, (the cock has a large single comb and wattles,) and the buff, this last being the original color found in China, the other colors having been bred in Europe.

The Russian fowl is large, the head and neck of the hens being curiously muffled with feathers of a cinnamon color, while the body is of a lighter tint. The Yokohama breed is originally from Japan; the male is distinguished by a long, drooping, plume-like tail. The color of this fowl is whitish, with some red on the wings. The Bruges breed is a game fowl of an iron gray color, with a short tail. The hens of this breed are celebrated as setters, while the males are said to make splendid fighting birds, and, to use a common expression, are game to the backbone."

The Dorkings, imported from England, are fine fowls for the table; but the guide to the gardens describes them as delicate, and affected by severe frost and wet weather, though with how much truth I am unable to judge.

One of the most curious fowls in the collection is the Wallikiki (Gallus ecaudatus) from Turkey or Persia. This fowl has no tail whatever, not even the apology for one possessed by the Shanghai, but only long silky feathers falling over the place where the tail ought to be. There are also several very small fowls, or bantams, in the collection, the most singular of which is the "Race Negre" (Gallus morio) from India. They are covered with a fine silky down, instead of feathers, and present the appearance of a half-grown chicken. Their skin is said to be black, but this could not be discovered through the coating of long silken down which envelopes the entire body, neck, and head.

Some of the bantam chickens (Gallus banticus) originally, probably, from India, are remarkably pretty. One of the breeds is of a mottled gray color, like our Dominiques, with fine rose comb and wattles and unfeathered legs. There are two varieties of these, the yellow or buff, and the golden. The white Java bantams are the most graceful and beautifully formed little white bantams in the whole collection. They have a blood-red rose comb and wattles, and no feathers upon their legs and feet. There is also a black variety of these Java bantams which I did not observe. The Nangasaki bantams, originally from Japan, áre of a whitish color, with some black feathers in the tail and wings. The cock had an immense single comb and wattles, the feet are very short, the head thrown back and almost touching the tail, wings nearly trailing on the ground, and short important gait.

The pheasants come next in order as being in a semi-domesticated state; of these, however, I shall merely mention a few of the most interesting. In the first place, the common pheasant, (Phasianus colchicus,) founa in the wild state in the Caucasus and near the Caspian sea, is the most common species in Europe. It is a most beautiful bird, and has for a very long time been kept in a semi-domesticated state in the parks, woods, and pleasure grounds of wealthy persons, where it breeds almost as well as domesticated fowls. It roosts at night on elevated trees, and, like our domesticated Guinea fowls, loves to wander about the woods and fields. These birds ought by all means to be introduced into our ornamental parks and pleasure grounds, being at the same time useful

as an article of food, as well as highly ornamental. There are five varieties here, viz: the common, the ring-necked, ash color, white, and parti-colored. The ring-necked pheasant is said to be originally from China. The male of the silver pheasant, (Phasianus nycthemerus,) originally from the north of China, is a most beautiful bird, of a silver white color, with regular, slender, lace-like black markings on the feathers of the back, while the under parts are of a black color; the long, drooping tail is also silver white, barred with black. This bird is said to be completely domesticated in France, where it is bred and reared with perfect ease. The female is by no means as beautiful as the male, being of a dull reddish color, and of a smaller size. The golden pheasant, Phasianus (thaumalea) pictus, is one of the most beautiful and bizarre birds, bred in a state of half-domestication, and is much smaller than either of the pheasants before mentioned. The under part of the male is of a red color, the head is ornamented with a splendid golden yellow crest, the neck is hidden or overhung by a somewhat projecting ruff of feathers of a bright yellow color, striped or barred with black. The wings are of a dull blue, the hind parts of the body are of a golden color, set off with red, and the tail is long and brown, barred with black. The female of this species is also very inconspicuous in color. These birds have bred well in some forests in Europe, and in a state of domestication have produced three varieties, viz: the ordinary golden and red color, the black, and the Isabella or fawn.

The Euplocomus (Gallophasis prelatus) or blue pheasant is one of the most splendidly metallic-colored birds in the gardens. It was introduced from Siam and Cochin China in 1862; it is of medium size, with crested head, and a back of the most brilliant metallic blue and gold, which, when reflected upon in the sunshine, gives forth almost all the colors of the rainbow.

The Impeyan pheasant, Lophophorus impeyanus, or refulgens, is a most splendid bird. The male is nearly as large as a Brama fowl. It is from the high montainous regions of Hindostan, and as it bears well the severe cold weather, it might be introduced into the United States. It breeds well in partial confinement, thirteen young ones having been raised in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London this season.

The Song-ki (Crossoptilon auritum) is from the mountains of the north of China and Thibet. This is also a most splendid bird; it is the size of a common fowl, of a blackish color, with a whitish tail formed of long hackle or barbed slender feathers. Some of the feathers of the neck are white and elongated so as to form two horn-like appendages which project on each side of the top of the head, giving this bird a most singular and grotesque appearance.

The Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris,) originally from the north of Africa, are represented by four varieties, viz: the common, parti-colored, lilac, and white. There is also a species with blue cheeks, (Numida ptilorhyncha,) from Egypt and Senegal, of similar color and marking as our common Guinea fowl, but distinguished by the blue color of the cheeks and wattles, and by the much less disagreeable cry which it makes when disturbed or on its wanderings. The crested or helmeted Guinea fowl (N. tiarata) from Madagascar is thus named from the rounded crest on the top of its head, which has been compared to a tiara. Of the common peacock, originally from India, Malabar, Ceylon, &c., there are the common, white, and parti-colored varieties. The Japanese peacock from India differs from the common species in the blue color and metallic reflections of the neck; whilst the green-necked peafowl, (Paon speciferus,) from Cochin China and Indian Archipelago, is distinguished by the neck being of a green color. Our native American wild turkey is also here, and six varieties of the domesticated kinds, namely: the black, white, gray, parti colored, red, buff or fawn. Our bronze-backed turkeys are probably a cross between the common black and our wild turkey, as in the descriptive catalogue of the garden of acclimation we find it stated that "the common and wild turkeys

cross readily, and that these crosses are much larger and more brilliant in colors than the common tame varieties." "Oviedo was the first to speak of the turkey," and according to some historians the turkey existed in France in 1518 or 1520; according to others it was first introduced in Spain, whence it was introduced into England in 1524; and it is somewhat strange that no mention is made in this pamphlet of its supposed Mexican origin.

The swans, geese, and ducks next claim attention. Of the swans there are the red-billed or domestic, the black-billed or wild swan, and the black swan from New Holland and Van Dieman's Land. This last bird is of a jet-black color, with a bright scarlet beak, and as it is a most magnificent and graceful bird, perfectly domesticated, and breeding well in confinement, it would be a most valuable acquisition to the lakes and waters of our large city parks. I am unable to say much about the geese, as one enclosure contained several species together, and I probably should make mistakes in the names, not being ornithologist enough to name varieties I have never either seen or heard of before. However, I recognized our common Canada and white-fronted goose, and the brent, as old American acquaintances. The ruddy-headed goose from the Falkland islands, the China goose, said to be very common in Russia, and the Egyptian goose, which is furnished with a small, sharp spur on the bend or elbow of the wing, would no doubt prove valuable to our farmers if introduced into America, as they are perfectly domesticated. The male of the upland goose, (Claphaga magellanica,) or upland goose from the Falkland Islands, is a very large and fine bird; but one of the prettiest geese in the collection is the Sandwich Islands goose, (Claphaga sandwichensis,) which may be more properly classed among the land than the water birds. It was introduced into Europe in 1832. The red-billed tree duck, (Dendrocygna antumnalis,) from Guinea and Brazil, appeared to be quite domesticated, and when I saw it was feeding upon the short turfy grass in its enclosure in a very goose-like manner. It is a very ornamental bird, the bright red bill and legs forming a striking contrast to the shaded gray and black color of its plumage. The white-faced tree duck from Brazil, in the same paddock, is also one of the perching ducks, but is of a smaller size, with bluish bill and legs, and instead of the usual quack given by our tame duck, this bird makes a kind of whistling sound. Our common wood or summer duck is also domesticated here. This species of duck ought to be more highly prized by our countrymen than it now is, and most probably it would be were it a foreigner and cost a very large sum of money to import. In these gardens it is as tame as our domestic mallards, and reproduces with as little trouble. The mandarin ducks from the north of China were all in very plain plumage, but, when in full summer dress, the male is said to be the most beautiful bird of the duck tribe. It somewhat resembles our summer duck in size, shape, and color, but is said to be infinitely more beautiful. These ducks were introduced into Holland about 1850, and reproduce very readily in a state of domestication. The Bahama duck, Anas (dafila) bahamensis, is very easily domesticated, and resembles a small mallard with a pointed tail, but the bright red color on the base of its bill renders it a most beautiful object when swimming.

In the collection of the Zoological Society of London were some animals and water-fowl which were not in the gardens of acclimation in Paris, and which deserve a passing notice, as they may be introduced and acclimated in this country. Among the swans, the black-neck swan (Cygnus nigricollis,) from Chili, presented a remarkable appearance, the plumage of the body, wings, and tail being snow-white, while the head and neck are jet-black. The bill is ornamented with a red knob or protuberance. As they bred in England in 1858 and 1859, they may be considered as acclimated there.

The genus Claphaga, as grass-eating geese, derive their name from their habit of feeding almost entirely upon grass, and are more terrestrial than aquatic in

their habits. The ash-headed goose, claphaga poliocephala, may be particularly noticed, as they have increased rapidly since their introduction in 1849. The Cereopsis goose (Cereopsis nova hollandia,) or Cape Barren goose, from Australia, breeds almost every year in the gardens. This bird is large and of a gray color; its bill is very short, with the base of a yellow green tint; the legs are pinkish, and the feet dark. The bar-headed goose, (Anser indicus,) from Hindostan, is so called from the head, which is white, being barred with a black stripe running across it from the eyes, and another similar stripe below them. The red-breasted goose, Bernicla ruficollis, from northeastern Europe, and northern Asia, is very rare. The crown of the head is black with a white patch near the bill; on each cheek is a red patch bordered with white, and its neck at a distance appeared to be longitudinally striped with white and a dark color.

The beautiful Bahama duck has been bred very freely in a state of semidomestication, and might be introduced here in our lakes and ornamental ponds. Among the swine in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London may be seen the West Indian river hog, Palamocharus penicillatus, which is remarkable for large protuberances on each side of its face; its color is reddish yellow, with a white line on the back, and a white stripe around the eyes and on the cheeks; its tail is long and straight, and the ears are upright, narrow, and tufted with hair at the end.

The white-whiskered pig, or Japanese wild swine, Sus leucomystax, resembles our peccary. The young of the European wild boar are of a dirty brown color, longitudinally striped with lines of a lighter color; these lines disappear with age. This fact is merely mentioned as the young of our semi-wild hogs in the south are sometimes striped in a similar manner.

The Andaman pig appeared to be the most susceptible of domestication, as it was very quiet, and showed a tendency to fatten; indeed it looked very much like a domesticated swine of the Chinese blood, and was of a blackish color, with erect short ears.

The wild sheep were represented by the Barbary sheep, Ovis tragelaphus. This animal approaches near the goat in many respects. The Punjaub wild sheep, Ovis cycloceros, from northern India, and the European mouffon, Ovis musimon, from Corsica and Sardinia, have both bred in confinement.

These notes in regard to the gardens of acclimatization, and the animals and birds therein, have been more extended and minute in detail than might appear necessary; but it was thought that many of the observations here made would be useful in this country to founders of the new parks and public grounds now becoming so popular in all our large cities. Also, the facts here made known may be of interest to the Department of Agriculture, should it decide to institute a similar establishment for breeding such useful animals and fowls as it might be found desirable to introduce and acclimatize.

It may be further added, that at the exposition of insects I was an exhibitor as well as an observer, having taken with me a colored copy of my insect plates, 130 in number, to which I had attached a catalogue of the vegetable substances fed upon by insects. By the aid of these plates and the catalogue I was able to explain the idea upon which the entomological division of our national agricultural museum is based. The French had nothing like it at the Exposition, and to prove the estimation in which the work and the plan were held by them, I have the honor to report to you that I received therefor the great gold medal of his Majesty the Emperor. Also, to this may be appended the following extract, translated from the official report of the exhibition, page 115, of the "Documents relating to the Exposition of Insects, held at the Palace of Industry, at Paris, in 1865;"

"The grand gold medal of the Emperor yet remained to be decreed, and the jury sought to ascertain to whom the high award was due; when, at a late hour,

a stranger, an American, M. Townend Glover, attached to the Department of Agriculture, at Washington, presented himself with a work on practical entomology, applicable to agriculture; this work, comprising, on 130 copper plates, the useful and noxious insects of North America, belonging to all the orders established by naturalists, coleoptera, &c., is designed and executed by the exhibitor himself from nature, and presents them in their three forms of larva, pupa, and perfect insect.

"To these 130 plates is attached a table with numbers, which refer to the text, and indicate the plants, trees, or shrubs commonly inhabited by each larva or insect, mentioning the parts attacked, whether the roots, leaves, wood, fruits, grains, &c.; the nature of the damage done, the habits of the insects, the remedies, old and new, to prevent their ravages, and, as far as known, the efficacy of the remedies. These plates have been executed with the greatest care, the insects being represented with exact fidelity to nature. In brief, this work,, which has cost the author ten years of research and observation, and for which he well merits the high position he occupies in the Department of Agriculture at Washington, was judged by an eminently scientific jury to be original in its style and character, and deserving to be copied by the entomologists of France as a desideratum in the application of their science to agriculture.

"This work, though not yet completed in the text, is remarkable for its plan. One division in it is especially full of interest to us; it is that which treats of the cotton plant, (now being cultivated in several of our provinces in Algeria,) with representations of the insects which attack the roots, the flower, and the capsule." All of which is respectfully submitted.

Hon. ISAAC NEWTON,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

TOWNEND GLOVER.

RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIAL CONDITION OF THE SOUTHERN STATES.

BY DANIEL R. GOODLOE, OF NORTH CAROLINA.

THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL REVOLUTION.

The attempt of the slaveholding States to throw off their allegiance to the Constitution of the Union has been properly designated a rebellion; while the failure of the effort has been attended by consequences which can only be characterized as a revolution, more complete and radical, as it affects themselves, than any of which history furnishes a record. This revolution is in every point of view unique. It was not intended or contemplated by the authors of the rebellion, but has resulted from their abortive enterprise. It is two-fold in its nature-political and social. The oligarchy which has so long ruled the country is, for the time being, stripped of all power, and its members are suing for pardon at the hands of the national Executive. As a powerful class, bound together by common interests, it is forever dissolved by the destruction of slavery. The passions which inspired it in the past will cling to the individuals composing it; but they must cease to have a great common bond of fellowship, and they can no longer be united in a common purpose.

But it is the radical and compulsory change in the social system which distinguishes the southern from all other revolutions, ancient and modern, and which has caused a temporary paralysis of industry.

The whole structure of southern society was founded on slavery. It was the one great controlling interest. The institution was a curse to the country. It