is to promote education within the United States, without distinction of race, sect or creed. For the promotion of such object the said corporation is Objects of to build, improve, enlarge or equip, or to aid others to build, imthe Board.

prove, enlarge or equip buildings for elementary or primary schools, industrial schools, technical schools, normal schools, training schools for teachers, or schools of any grade or for higher institutions of learning, or in connection therewith, libraries, workshops, gardens, kitchens or other educational accessories; to establish, maintain or endow or aid others to establish, maintain, or endow, elementary or primary schools, industrial schools, technical schools, normal schools, training schools for teachers, or schools of any grade or higher institutions of learning; to aid, co-operate with, or endow associations or other corporations engaged in educational work within the United States, or to donate to any such association or corporation any property or moneys which shall at any time be held by said corporation; to collect educational statistics and to publish reports containing the same.

Farming in the Southern States. farming.

For the first three years of its existence the board, through its representatives, made a careful study of public education in the Southern States. As a result of this study it reached the conclusion that the greatest present need of that part of our country is the increased productive efficiency of rural life. Eighty-five per cent of the people of the Southern States live in the country, and by Careful inquiry was therefore made in the United States and in other countries regarding methods of delivering to farmers the practical agricultural knowledge that has been developed by national and state departments of agriculture, experimental farms, etc. In the course of this inquiry the representatives of the board met the late Dr. Seaman A. Knapp, who by demonstration farms was successfully combating the boll weevil in Texas and Louisiana. It was the opinion of the board that the demonstration farm methods of Dr. Knapp could be employed successfully in promoting general agriculture, as well as in combating the specific enemy of the cotton industry. A conference was therefore had with Secretary Wilson, of the United States Department of Agriculture, who agreed that Dr. Knapp, who was a special representative of the Department of Agriculture, might supervise the work in other states than Texas and Louisiana, provided funds for that purpose might be secured.

The General Education Board, through the Department of Agriculture, under the above agreement, beginning in the early part of 1906, has made contributions for this purpose, now aggregating $659,700. For the fiscal year 1912-'13 the appropriation was $133,000. The latest report from Bradford Knapp, now in charge of the work, shows that in the States thus aided by the General Education Board 236 men are at work supervising the demonstration farms and 23,301 farmers are pursuing improved agricultural methods under such direction. He further estimates that 187,680 farmers are pursuing similar work, as influenced by those farmers who are under the immediate supervision of the agents.

The Promotion

of Public

The general study on educational conditions in the Southern States led the board to believe that the greatest lack in that region, and, therefore, the greatest need, was of public high schools. It is the policy of the board to do this work through existing organizations. Arrangement was therefore made with the several state universities in the Southern states whereby such universities could assume the leadership and direction of a movement designed to develop systems of high schools. Appropriations have been made by the General Education Board to the state universities in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky.

High Schools.

The General Education Board appropriates to each university a sum sufficient to pay the salary and travelling expenses of a special high school representative. This man, representing the university and the State Department of Education. goes to counties throughout the state, arouses and organizes public sentiment favorable to high schools and secures the establishment and maintenance of public high schools. The following high schools have been established: Alabama, 105; Arkansas, 45; Florida, 16; Georgia, 120; Louisiana, 56; Mississippi, 64, North Carolina, 207; South Carolina, 94; Tennessee, 07; Virginia, 261; West Virginia, 29. As a result of this co-operative initiative on the part of the General Education Board 1,077 new high schools have been established,, approximately $9,306,580 has been raised by the people for building and equipment and the annual sum available for the support of public high schools has been increased $1,332,667.

The Promotion of
Institutions of
Higher Learning

The General Education Board uniformly makes its gifts for endowment. Colleges throughout the country decide how much money they wish to raise at a given time. Application is made to the General Education Board. A careful study of the institution is made covering both its financial and educational strength. It is studied not only as a particular institution of learning, but in its relation to higher education generally in a particular state. Then to approved institutions the board makes contributions toward the total sums which they themselves have decided to raise, These contributions are made absolutely to the trustees of the several institutions and the General Education Board exercises no supervision or control in any case.

Coal consumed in the United States amounted to 501,596,378 tons in 1910, in Great Britain to 296,007,699 and in Germany to 245,043,120.

Appropriations by the board for higher education have been made as follows:

In the Southern States.

In the Western States.

In the Eastern and Middle States.

.$2,877,500
3,500,000

2,440,000

T. tal

.$8,817,500

These gifts on the part of the General Education Board are toward an approximate total of $40,000,000, which total sum represents the increase of educational endowment and equipment, largely made possible by the contributions of the General Education Board.

John D. Rockefeller, on July 9, 1909, made a gift of $10,000,000 to the board, increasing his gifts to the enterprise to a total of $53,000,000. Awards have been made in aid of education, up to May 24, 1910, amounting to $5,177,500, supplementing sums raised by colleges amounting to over $15,000,000.

The present officers of the board are: Frederick T. Gates, chairman; Wallace Buttrick, secretary; E. C. Sage, assistant secretary; L. G. Myers, treasurer. The present members of the board are: Frederick T. Gates, Robert C. Ogden, Walter H. Page, J. D. Rockefeller, jr., Albert Shaw, Wallace Buttrick, Starr J Murphy, Edwin A. Alderman, Hollis B. Frissell, Harry Pratt Judson, Charles W. Eliot, Andrew Carnegie, Edgar L. Marston, Wickliffe Rose, Jerome D. Greene and Anson Phelps Stokes, jr. Headquarters, No. 17 Battery Place, New York City. THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1905 and incorporated by the Congress of the United States in 1906 for the purpose of providing retiring allowances for teachers and officers of universities, colleges and technical schools in the United States, Canada and Newfoundland, and, in general, of advancing the profession of the teacher and the cause of higher education. By the sixth annual meeting of the trustees in 1911, 300 allowances were being paid to teachers, and 73 pensions to widows of teachers, the amount of the average allowance being $1,628.41, the total annual cost being $553,665.00, and the average age of retirement being about 70 years.

In the administration of its endowment, which now amounts to $14,000,000, the Foundation has restricted its allowances to professors and officers in a list of 72 institutions selected for their educational standing, and has published a series of reports and bulletins concerning educational conditions. The president of the Foundation is Henry S. Pritchett; its trustees are presidents of universities and colleges and financiers. Further information may be had by addressing the secretary, Clyde Furst, No. 576 Fifth avenue, New York City.

THE CARNEGIE CORPORATION.

The Carnegie Corporation, endowed by Andrew Carnegie with a $25,000,000_fund, was organized November 10, 1911, under a charter granted by the New York Legislature on June 9, 1911. The purposes of the corporation, as stated in the charter, are as follows: "Andrew Carnegie, Elihu Root, Henry S. Pritchett, William N. Frew, Robert S. Woodward, Charles L. Taylor, Robert A. Franks, James Bertram and their successors are hereby constituted a body corporate by the name of the Carnegie Corporation of New York for the purpose of receiving and maintaining a fund or funds and applying the income thereof to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge among the people of the United States by aiding technical schools, institutions of higher learning, libraries, scientific research, hero funds, useful publications and by such other agencies and means as shall from time to time be found appropriate therefor."

The officers are: President, Andrew Carnegie; vice-president, Elihu Root; treasurer, Robert A. Franks; secretary, James Bertram.

THE SOUTHERN EDUCATION BOARD.

The Southern Education Board was organized in New York City November 3, 1901. Up to 1910 its funds were used mainly for defraying the expenses of educational campaigns in the Southern states in the interest of state systems of public schools. At present the funds are being used in co-operation with state and local authorities in building up the state system of rural schools. A state supervisor of rural schools is being maintained in each of eleven states. Small contributions are made from time to time toward the maintenance of a number of supervising teachers of rural schools in selected counties. Contributions are made toward the maintenance in each state of a state supervisor of school improvement leagues. Small contributions are made from time to time toward. the support of educational campaigns.

The officers of the board are: Robert C. Ogden, president; George Foster Peabody, treasurer; Wickliffe Rose, executive secretary. The office of the board is Room 725, Southern Building, Washington, D. C.

PEABODY EDUCATION FUND.

The

The Peabody Education Fund was created in 1867 by George Peabody__to advanee the cause of education in the Southern and Southwestern States. fund originally amounted to $3,000,000, but as $900,000 of this amount was invested in Florida and Mississippi bonds, afterward repudiated, the principal was reduced to $2,100,000. The present members of the board of trustees are Theodore Roosevelt, of New York; Richard Olney, of Massachusetts; George Peabody Wetmore, of Rhode Island; J. Pierpont Morgan, Joseph H. Choate, Grenville L. Winthrop and the Right Rev. William C. Doane, of New York; Samuel Green and the Right Rev. William Lawrence, of Massachusetts; Hoke

The oldest university in America is the University of San Marcos, at Lima, Peru, which was founded in 1551.

Smith, of Georgia; Henderson M. Somerville, of Alabama, and Martin F. Ansel, of South Carolina. The chairman of the board is Joseph H. Choate. The other officers are: Secretary, Samuel A. Green, Boston, Mass.; treasurer, J. Pierpont Morgan, New York City; general agent, Wickliffe Rose, Washington, D. C.

The board of trustees received power to terminate the trust after thirty years that is, in 1897-and at a meeting on January 24, 1905, it was voted to take such action. The conditional grant of $1,000,000 was made to the George Peabody College for Teachers at Nashville, the City of Nashville, the County of Davidson and the State of Tennessee being required to raise an additional $750,000. On January 31, 1910, the grant was made absolute, the additional amount having been raised.

THE JOHN F. SLATER FUND.

The John F. Slater Fund was created by John Fox Slater, of Norwich, Conn. (born at Smithfield, R. I., March 4, 1815; died at Norwich, Conn., May 7, 1884), who on May 18, 1882, transferred to a board of trustees in the city of New York the sum of $1,000,000 for the benefit of the negro race. The general object of the trust, as indicated by the donor, is "the uplifting of the emancipated population of the Southern States and their posterity by conferring upon them the blessings of a Christian education, an education in which the instruction of the mind in the common branches of secular learning shall be associated with training in just notions of duty toward God and man, in the light of Holy Scriptures." The means used in the prosecution of this general object are the training of teachers from among the people requiring to be taught, and the encouragement of such institutions as are most useful in promoting this training of teachers.

The board of trustees consists of: Wm. A. Slater, president; Richard H. Williams, vice-president; John A. Stewart, Alexander E. Orr, Cleveland H. Dodge, Seth Low, David F. Houston, Wickliffe Rose, Walter H. Page, Wn.. Lawrence, James H. Dillard and Charles E. Hughes. James H. Dillard is secretary and director, 571 Audubon street, New Orleans, La.

THE ANNA T. JEANES FOUNDATION.

The Anna T. Jeanes Foundation was organized for the purpose of administering a fund given by Miss Anna T. Jeanes, of Philadelphia, Pa., for negro rural schools. The principal of the fund is $1,000,000. The board of trustees was formally organized on February 29, 1908, and its officers are James H. Dillard, New Orleans, La., president; Walter H. Page, New York, vice-president; George Foster Peabody, treasurer; Robert R. Moton, Hampton, Va., secretary. In his first statement to the board of trustees, June 1, 1908, the president suggested that the best line of work in using the money placed at the disposal of the board is "(1) to get something additional from the school authorities, whether lengthening of term, or better pay, or larger teaching force, or better house; (2) to get the co-operative effort of the people themselves; (3) to improve the effectiveness of the school and widen its neighborhood influence by introducing industrial features."

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON.

The Carnegie Institution, organized in 1902 under the general law governing the organization of corporations in the District of Columbia, was reorganized as the Carnegie Institution of Washington under the provisions of an act of Congress, approved April 28, 1904. The Institution was endowed by Andrew Carnegie, the original fund consisting of $10,000,000 of registered 5 per cent bonds of the United States Steel Corporation. Mr. Carnegie, in December, 1907, increased the endowment by $2,000,000, and in January, 1911, added a further $10,000,000, both sums being donated in 5 per cent registered bonds of the United States Steel Corporation. The objects of the corporation, as stated in the act of April 28, 1904, are in general: To encourage, in the broadest and most liberal manner, investigation, research and discovery, and the application of knowledge to the improvement of mankind." An administration building has been erected in Washington, D. C. Up to October 31, 1911, the total expended for research and the publication of the results of such research was $6,599,724.84. The institution is governed by a board of twenty-four trustees. The trustees are John S. Billings, Robert S. Brookings, John L. Cadwalader, Cleveland H. Dodge, Simon Flexner, William N. Frew, Lyman J. Gage, Henry L. Higginson, Charles L. Hutchinson, Seth Low, S. Weir Mitchell, Andrew J. Montague, William W. Morrow, Wm. Barclay Parsons, Henry S. Pritchett, Elihu Root, Martin A. Ryerson, William H. Taft, Charles D. Walcott, Henry P. Walcott, William. H. Welch, Andrew D. White, George W. Wickersham and Robert S. Woodward. Robert S. Woodward is president of the Institution. John S. Billings is chairman of the board of trustees; Elihu Root, vice-chairman, and Cleveland H. Dodge, secretary.

RHODES OXFORD SCHOLARSHIPS.

The first elections of scholars in the United States under the bequests of Cecil J. Rhodes occurred in 1904. All candidates in each State and Territory must pass an Oxford Responsions examination, and one competitor will be named for each by the committee or university charged with making appointments. Scholars must have reached at least the end of their sophomore or second year work at some recognized degree-granting university or college of the United States. Scholars must be unmarried, m.ust be citizens of the United States and must be between nineteen and twenty-five years of age. The scholarships offered afford

Of the Irish-born population of the United States-2,000,000 in 1911-Massachusetts had 249,916.

a cash allowance of $1,500 a year for three years. It is intended to have at all times two beneficiaries at Oxford from each of the 48 States.

The president of the State or Territorial university or college is in each of the following States and Territories chairman of the committee of selection for that State: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming.

Connecticut,

The following chairmen have been named for other States: President Arthur T. Hadley, Yale University; Illinois, President Harry P. Judson, University of Chicago; Kentucky, President D. B. Gray, Georgetown College; Maryland, President W. A. Remsen. Johns Hopkins University; Massachusetts, President A. Lawrence Lowell, Harvard University; New Jersey, President John Grier Hibben, Princeton University; New York, President Nicholas Murray Butler, Columbia University; Rhode Island, President W. H. P. Faunce, Brown University.

In the following States appointments are made by the chartered colleges and universities in rotation: California, University of California, Leland Stanford University, smaller colleges every seventh year; Vermont, University of Vermont, Middlebury College.

THE RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION.

In 1907 Mrs. Russell Sage, of New York City, gave to a board of trustees the sum of $10,000,000 for the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States of America. The scope of the Foundation as defined by the trustees at one of their earliest meetings is as follows:

"(a) The Foundation will not attempt to relieve individual or family need. Its function is toeradicate so far as possible the causes of poverty and ignorance, rather than to relieve the sufferings of those who are poor or ignorant.

"(b) The sphere of higher education, that served by our universities and colleges, is not within the scope of the Foundation. It is sufficiently cared for by the General Education Board, Not so, however, elementary education of the kind that directly affects social and living conditions, e. g., industrial education, education in the household arts, training of charity workers, etc.

"(c) Aid to churches for church purposes, whatever their denomination, is not within the scope of the Foundation."

The Foundation has departments of child hygiene, child helping, charity organization, remedial loans, and surveys and exhibits. It has fostered anti-tuberculosis work, anti-child labor work, good housing, probation, and similar work. It is conducting investigations into conditions of women's work, into school conditions, and into other social problems, and it has published a number of books and pamphlets on social subjects. It maintains a sociological library that is open to the public.

Board of trustees: Mrs. Russell Sage, pres.; Robert W. de Forest, vice-pres.; Cleveland H. Dodge, treas.; Miss Helen M. Gould, Robert C. Ogden, Mrs. William B. Rice, Miss Louisa Lee Schuyler and Alfred T. White; John M. Glenn, gen. director. Office, No. 105 E. 22d street, New York City.

CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL

PEACE.

On December 14, 1910, Andrew Carnegie transferred to a board of trustees $10,000,000 in 5 per cent first mortgage bonds, valued at $11,500,000, the revenue of which will be used to hasten the abolition of international war and establish a lasting world peace. The method by which the annual income of half a million dollars shall be expended was left by Mr. Carnegie entirely in the hands of the trustees. The endowment foundation is to be perpetual, and when the establishment of universal peace is attained the donor provides that the revenue shall be devoted to the banishment of the "next most degrading evil or evils," the suppression of which would "most advance the progress, elevation and happiness of man."

The trustees of the endowment are Robert S. Brookings, Thomas Burke, Nicholas Murray Butler, John L. Cadwalader, Joseph H. Choate, Cleveland H. Dodge, Charles W. Eliot, Arthur William Foster. John W. Foster, Austen G. Fox, Robert A. Franks, William M. Howard, Samuel Mather, Andrew J. Montague, Henry S. Pritchett, George W. Perkins, Elihu Root, Jacob G. Schmidlapp, James Brown Scott, James L. Slayden, Albert K. Smiley, Oscar S. Straus, Charles L. Taylor, Charlemagne Tower, Andrew D. White, John Sharp Williams, Robert S. Woodward and Luke E. Wright.

The officers of the endowment are: President, Elihu Root; vice-president, Joseph H. Choate; secretary, James Brown Scott; assistant secretary, S. N. D. North; assistant to the secretary, George A. Finch. The headquarters of the endowment are at No. 2 Jackson place, Washington, D. C. The European bureau is located at No. 24, Rue Pierre Curie.

The executive committee are the president, the secretary and Nicholas Murray Butler, Austen G. Fox, Andrew J. Montague, Henry S. Pritchett and Charlemagne Tower.

The trustees have divided the work of the endowment into three divisions, (1) the Division of Intercourse and Education, of which President Nicholas Murray Butler of Columbia University is acting director, with headquarters at No.

In 1911 the 3,359 vineyards of the Argentine Republic produced 387,806,481 litres of wine, as compared with a production of 57,410,000 litres in 1895.

407 West 117th street, New York, N. Y.; (2) the Division of Economics and History, of which Professor John Bates Clark, of Columbia University, is director, in the same headquarters; and (3) the Division of International Law, of which Secretary Scott is the director, with headquarters at No. 2 Jackson place, Washington, D. C. The annual meeting of the trustees is held in Washington the second Thursday in December.

THE CARNEGIE HERO FUND.

The Carnegie Hero Fund was created by Andrew Carnegie, who in April, 1904, placed $5,000,000 in first collateral 5 per cent bonds of the United States Steel Corporation in the hands of a commission, composed of twenty-one persons, residents of Pittsburgh, Penn., for the benefit of the dependents of those losing their lives in heroic effort to save their fellow men, or for the heroes themselves, if injured only, the fund to be applied only to acts performed within the United States of America, the Dominion of Canada, the Colony of Newfoundland, and the waters thereof. Provision was also made for medals to be given in commemoration of heroic acts.

The officers of the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission are: President, Charles L. Taylor; vice-president, W. J. Holland; secretary and manager, F. M. Wilmot; treasurer, J. H. Reed; assistant treasurer, S. E. Weir; assistant manager, C. B. Ebersol. Applications should be made by letter addressed to the manager, Oliver Buliding, Pittsburgh, Penn.

The Commission's medals are of three grades-gold, silver and bronze. In 1912 105 bronze, 45 silver and 2 gold medals were awarded. Mr. Carnegie has also instituted hero funds for Great Britain and Ireland, France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Norway and Denmark.

PATRIOTIC AND PUBLIC SOCIETIES.

American Association for Labor Legislation.

Organized 1906. Officers: President, Henry R. Seager, Columbia University, New York City; vice-presidents, Jane Addams, Chicago; Louis D. Brandeis, Boston; Robert W. de Forest, New York City; Richard T. Ely, Madison, Wis.; Samuel Gompers, Washington, D. C.; Morton D. Hull, Chicago; J. W. Jenks, Ithaca, N. Y.; Frederick N. Judson, St. Louis; Paul M. Warburg, New York City; Woodrow Wilson, Trenton, N. J.; secretary, John B. Andrews, No. 131 East 23d street, New York City; treasurer, V. Everit Macy, New York City. Annual convention in December. National headquarters, No. 131 East 23d street, New York City. American Association for Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality. Organized at Baltimore in 1910. Officers: President, Dr. L. Emmett Holt, New York; president-elect, Dr. J. Whitridge Williams, Baltimore; first vicepresident, Dr. Isaac A. Abt, Chicago; second vice-president, Arthur D. Baldwin, Cleveland; secretary, Dr. Philip Van Ingen, 125 East 71st street, New York; treasurer, Austin McLanahan, Baltimore; executive secretary, Gertrude B. Knipp, Baltimore.

American Bar Association.

Officers: President, Frank B. Kellogg, St. Paul, Minn.; secretary, George Whitelock, Baltimore; assistant secretary, W. Thomas Kemp, Baltimore; treasurer, Frederick E. Wadhams, Albany, N. Y.

American Civic Alliance.

The objects of the alliance, founded in 1902, are to encourage the co-operation of all civic and non-partisan interests, in every part of the nation, in improving the standards of American citizenship. The officers are: President, John Franklin Crowell, No. 44 Broad street, New York City; secretary, Gerald van Casteel, New York City; treasurer, Bradley Stoughton, No. 165 Broadway, New York City. Headquarters, No. 165. Broadway, New York City.

American Civic Association.

Organized 1904. General offices, Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C. Objects: Cultivation of higher ideals of civic life and beauty in America, promotion of city, town and neighborhood improvement, preservation and development of landscape and advancement of outdoor art. Officers: President, J. Horace McFarland, Harrisburg, Penn.; vice-presidents, Clinton Rogers Woodruff, Philadelphia; George B. Dealey, Dallas, Tex.; Chas. B. Wacker, Chicago, Ill.; George W. Marston, San Diego, Cal.; Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, Carlisle, Penn.; J. Lockie Wilson. Toronto, Can.; treasurer, W B. Howland, New York City; secretary, Richard B. Watrous, Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C.

American Flag Association.

The American Flag Association was organized February 17, 1898, its motto being: "One Flag, One Country, God Over All." Its object is to secure national and state legislation for the protection of the flag from degrading and demoralizing uses, and to secure a general celebration of June 14 as "Flag Day." The officers of the association are: President, Colonel Ralph E. Prime, Yonkers, N. Y.; secretary, Theodore Fitch, No. 456 North Broadway, Yonkers, N. Y.; assistant secretary, Mrs. Emily L. B. Fay, Stamford, Conn.; treasurer, Major Henry L. Swords, United States Custom House, New York City.

American Humane Association.

This association is a federation of societies and individuals for the prevention of cruelty, especially of cruelty to children and animals. It was organized in 1877 and incorporated in 1903. The officers are: President, Dr. William O. Stillman,

The value of the boots and shoes manufactured in the United States in 1909 was

$512,798,000.