by common purpose, common ideals and common affection to the Constitution of the United States.

Under the Constitution and the principles asserted and vitalized by it the United States has grown to be one of the great civilized and civilizing powers of the earth. It offers a home and an opportunity to the ambitious and the industrious from other lands. Resting upon the broad basis of a people's confidence and a people's support, and managed by the people themselves, the government of the United States will meet the problems of the future as satisfactorily as it has solved those of the past.

The Republican party is now, as always, a party of advanced and constructive statesmanship. It is prepared to go forward with the solution of those new questions which social, economic and political development have Prepared to brought into the forefront of the nation's interest. It will strive, Go Forward. not only in the nation but in the several states, to enact the necessary legislation to safeguard the public health; to limit effectively the labor of women and children; to protect wage earners engaged in dangerous occupations; to enact comprehensive and generous workman's compensation laws in place of the present wasteful and unjust system of empolyers' liability, and in all possible ways to satisfy the just demand of the people for the study and solution of the complex and constantly changing problems of social welfare.

In dealing with these questions it is important that the rights of every individual to the freest possible development of his own powers and resources and to the control of his own justly acquired property, so far as those are compatible with the rights of others, shall not be interfered with or destroyed. The social and political structure of the United States rests upon the civil liberty of the individual; and for the protection of the liberty that people have wisely, in the national and state constitutions, put definite limitations upon themselves and upon their governmental officers and agencies. To enforce these limitations, to secure the orderly and coherent exercise of governmental powers and to protect the rights of even the humblest and least favored individual, are the function of independent courts of justice.

The Republican party reaffirms its intention to uphold at all times the authority and integrity of the courts, both state and federal, and it will ever insist that their powers to enforce their process and to protect life, liberty and property shall be preserved inviolate. An orderly method is proIntegrity of vided under our system of government by which the people may, the Courts. when they choose, alter or amend the constitutional provisions which underlie that government. Until these constitutional provisions are so altered or amended, in orderly fashion, it is the duty of the courts to see to it that when challenged they are enforced.

That the courts, both federal and state, may bear the heavy burden laid upon them to the complete satisfaction of public opinion, we favor legislation to prevent long delays and the tedious and costly appeals which have so often amounted to a denial of justice in civil cases and to a failure to protect the public at large in criminal cases.

Since the responsibility of the judiciary is so great, the standards of judicial action must be always and everywhere above suspicion and reproach. While we regard the recall of judges as unnecessary and unwise, we Judicial Removal. favor such action as may be necessary to simplify the process by which any judge who is found to be derelict in his duty

International
Arbitration.

may be removed from office. Together with peaceful and orderly development at home, the Republican party earnestly favors all measures for the establishment and protection of the peace of the world and for the development of closer relations between the various nations of the earth. It believes most earnestly in the peaceful settlement of international disputes and in the reference of all justiciable controversies between nations to an international' court of justice. The Republican party is opposed to special privilege and to monopoly. It placed upon the statute book the interstate commerce act of 1887 and the important amendments thereto, and the anti-trust act of 1890, and it has consistently and successfully enforced the provisions of these laws. It will Anti-Trust Law. take no backward step to permit the re-establishment in any degree of conditions which were intolerable.

Experience makes it plain that the business of the country may be carried on without fear or without disturbance and at the same time without resort to practices which are abhorrent to the common sense of justice. The Republican party favors the enactment of legislation supplementary to the existing antitrust act which will define as criminal offences those specific acts that uniformly mark attempts to restrain and to monopolize trade, to the end that those who honestly intend to obey the law may have a guide for their action and that those who aim to violate the law may the more surely be punished. The same certainty should be given to, the law prohibiting combinations and monopolies that characterize other provisions of commercial law; in other words, that no part of the field of business opportunity may be restricted by monopoly or combination, that business success honorably achieved may not be converted into crime and that the right of every man to acquire commodities, and particularly the necessaries of life, in an open market, uninfluenced by the manipulation of trust or combination, may be preserved. In the enforcement and administration of federal laws governing interstate

The most noted University Settlements in America are the College Settlement, in New
York; the College Settlement, in Philadelphia; Hull House, in
Chicago. and Andover House. in Boston

commerce and enterprises impressed with a public use engaged therein, there is much that may be committed to a federal trade commission, thus placing in the hands of an administrative board many of the functions now necessarily exercised by the courts. This will promote promptness in the administration of the law and avoid

Federal Trade
Commission.

delays and technicalities incident to court procedure.

We reaffirm our belief in a protective tariff. The Republican tariff policy has been of the greatest benefit to the country, developing our resources, diversifying our industries and protecting our workmen against competition The Tariff. with cheaper labor abroad, thus establishing for our wage earners the American standard of living. The protective tariff is so woven into the fabric of our industrial and agricultural life that to substitute for it a tariff for revenue only would destroy many industries and throw millions of our people out of employment. The products of the farm and of the mine should receive the same measure of protection as other products of American labor.

We hold that the import duties should be high enough, while yielding a sufficient revenue, to protect adequately American industries and wages. Some of the existing import duties are too high and should be reduced. Readjustment should be made from time to time to conform to changing conditions and to reduce excessive rates, but without injury to any American industry. To accomplish this correct information is indispenable. This information can best be obtained by an expert commission, as the large volume of useful facts contained in the recent reports of the Tariff Board nas demonstrated.

The pronounced feature of modern industrial life is its enormous diversification. To apply tariff rates justly to these changing conditions requires closer study and more scientific methods than ever before. The RepubTariff Board. lican party has shown by its creation of a Tariff Board its recognition of this situation and its determination to be equal to it. We condemn the Democratic party for its failure either to provide funds for the continuance of this board or to make some other provision for securing the Information requisite for intelligent tariff legislation. We protest against the Democratic method of legislating on these vitally important subjects without careful investigation.

We condemn the Democratic tariff bills passed by the House of Representatives of the Sixty-second Congress as sectional, as injurious to the public credit and as destructive of business enterprise.

The steadily increasing cost of living has become a matter not only of national but of worldwide concern. The fact that it is not due to the protective tariff system is evidenced by the existence of similar conditions in Cost of Living. countries which have a tariff policy different from our own, as

well as by the fact that the cost of living has increased while rates of duty have remained stationary or been reduced. The Republican party will support a prompt scientific inquiry into the causes which are operative, both in the United States and elsewhere, to increase the cost of living. When the exact facts are known it will take the necessary steps to remove any abuses that may be found to exist, in order that the cost of the food, clothing and shelter of the people may in no way be unduly or artificially increased.

The Republican party has always stood for a sound currency and for safe banking methods.

Banking and
Currency Revision.

It is responsible for the resumption of specie payments and for the establishment of the gold standard. It is committed to the progressive development of our banking and currency systems. Our banking arrangements to-day need further revision to meet the requirements of current conditions. We need measures which will prevent the recurrence of money panics and financial disturbances, and which will promote the prosperity of business and the welfare of labor by producing constant employment. We need better currency facilities for the movement of crops in the West and South. We need banking arrangements under American auspices for the encouragement and better conduct of our foreign trade. In attaining these ends the independence of individual banks, whether organized under national or state charters, must be carefully protected, and our banking and currency system must be safeguarded from any possibility of domination by sectional, financial or political interests.

It is of great importance to the social and economic welfare of this country that its farmers have facilities for borrowing easily and cheaply the money they Agricultural Credit Societies.

need to increase the productivity of their land. It is as important that financial machinery be provided to supply the demand of farmers for credit as it is that the banking and currency systems be reformed in the interest of general business. Therefore we recommend and urge an authoritative investigation of agricultural credit societies and corporations in other countries and the passage of state and federal laws for the establishment and capable supervision of organizations having for their purpose the loaning of funds to farmers.

We reaffirm our adherence to the principle of appointment to public office based on proved fitness, and tenure during good behavior and efficiency. The Ropublican party stands committed to the maintenance, extension Civil Service. and enforcement of the civil service law, and it favors the passage

of legislation empowering the President to extend the competitive service as far as possible; the equitable retirement of disabled and superannuated members of the civil service, in order that a higher order of efficiency may be maintained.

The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, connecting Delaware Bay with Chesapeake Bay is 13% miles long, 12 miles in the state of Delaware and 1% miles in the state It has three looks and an average depth of channel of nine feet.

We favor the amendment of the federal employers' liability law so as to extend its provisions to all government employes, as well Employers' Liability. as to provide a more liberal scale of compensation for

injury and death.

We favor such additional legislation as may be necessary more effectually to prohibit corporations from contributing funds, directly or indirectly, to campaigns for the nomination or election of the President, the VicePresident, Senators and Representatives in Congress. We heartily approve the recent act of Congress requiring the fullest publicity in regard to all campaign contributions, whether made in

Campaign
Contributions.

connection with primaries, conventions or elections.

We rejoice in the success of the distinctive Republican policy of the conservation of our natural resources, for their use by the people without waste and without monopoly. We pledge ourselves to a continuance of such Conservation. a policy. We favor such fair and reasonable rules and regulations as will not discourage or interfere with actual bona fide homeseekers, prospectors and miners in the acquisition of public lands under existing laws. In the interest of the general public, and particularly of the agricultural or rural communities, we favor legislation looking to the establishParcels Post. ment, under proper regulations, of a parcels post, the postal rates to be graduated under a zone system in proportion to the length We approve the action taken by the President and the Congress to secure with Russia, as with other countries, a treaty that will recognize the absolute right of expatriation and that will prevent all discriminaProtection of tion of whatever kind between American oitizens, whether native born or alien, and regardless of race, religion or previous political allegiance. The right of asylum is a precious possession of the people of the United States and it is to be neither surrendered nor restricted.

of carriage.

American Citizenship.

We believe in the maintenance of an adequate navy for the national defence, and we condemn the action of the Democratic House

An Adequate Navy. of Representatives in refusing to authorize the construction

of additional ships.

We believe that one of the country's most urgent needs is a revived merchant marine. There should be American ships, and The Merchant Marine. plenty of them, to make use of the great American interoceanic canal now nearing completion.

The Mississippi River is the nation's drainage ditch. It's flood waters, gathered from thirty-one states and the Dominion of Canada, constitute an overpowering force which breaks the levees and pours its torrents over many Mississippi million acres of the richest land in the Union, stopping mails, imFloods. peding commerce and causing great loss of life and property. These floods are national in scope, and the disasters they produce seriously affect the general welfare. The states unaided cannot cope with this giant problem; hence, we believe the federal government should assume a fair proportion of the burden of its control, so as to prevent the disasters from recurring floods. We favor the continuance of the policy of the government with regard to the reclamation of arid lands; and for the encouragement of the speedy Reclamation. settlement and improvement of such lands we favor an amendment to the law that will reasonably extend the time within which the cost of any reclamation project may be repaid by the landowners under it. We favor a liberal and systematic policy for the improvement of our rivers and harbors. Such improvements should be made Rivers and Harbors. upon expert information and after a careful comparison of cost and prospective benefits.

We favor a liberal policy toward Alaska to promote the development of the great resources of that district, with such safeguards as will prevent waste and monopoly. We favor the opening of the coal development through Alaskan a law leasing the lands on such terms as will invite developCoal Leases. ment and provide fuel for the navy and the commerce of the Pacific Ocean, while retaining title in the United States to prevent monopoly. The Philippine policy of the Republican party has been and is inspired by the belief that our duty toward the Filipino people is a Philippine Policy. national obligation which should remain entirely free from

partisan politics.

We pledge the Republican party to the enactment of appropriate laws to give relief from the constantly growing evil of induced Undesirable Immigration. or undesirable immigration, which is inimical to the progress and welfare of the people of the United States.

We favor the speedy enactment of laws to provide that seamen shall not be compelled to endure involuntary servitude and that life and Safety at Sea. property at sea shall be safeguarded by the ample equipment of vessels with lifesaving appliances and with full complements of The approaching completion of the Panama Canal, the establishment of a bureau of mines, the institution of postal savings banks, the increased provision made in 1912 for the aged and infirm soldiers and sailors Forward Republican of the Republic and for their widows, and the vigorous Policies. administration of laws relating to pure food and drugs, all mark the successful progress of Republican administration

skilled, able-bodied seamen to operate them.

and are additional evidences of its effectiveness.

Manual labor is plentiful in Japan, there being a total laboring population of 18,175,000 souls to an aggregate cultivated area of 18,834,289 acres.

Economy and Efficiency

We commend the earnest effort of the Republican administration to secure greater economy and increased efficiency in the conduct of government business; extravagant appropriations and the creation of unnecessary offices are an injustice to the taxpayer and a bad example to the citizen.

in Government.

We call upon the people to quicken their interest in public affairs, to condemn and punish lynchings and other forms of lawlessness and to strengthen in all possible ways a respect for law and the observDuties of Citizenship. ance of it. Indifferent citizenship is an evil from which the law affords no adequate protection and for which

legislation can provide no remedy. We congratulate the people of Arizona and New Mexico upon the admisThe New States. sion of those states, thus merging in the Union in final and enduring form the last remaining portion of our continental

territory.

Republican
Administration.

We ratify in all its particulars the platform of 1908 respecting Porto Rico. citizenship for the people of Porto Rico. We challenge successful criticism of the sixteen years of Republican administration under Presidents McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft. We heartily reaffirm the indorsement of President McKinley contained in the platforms of 1900 and 1904, and that of President Roosevelt contained in the platforms of 1904 and 1908. We invite the intelligent judgment of the American people upon the administration of William The country has prospered and been at peace under his Presidency. During the years in which he had the co-operation of a Republican Congress an unexampled amount of constructive legislation was framed and passed in the interest of the people and in obedience to their wish. That legislation is a record on which any administration might appeal with confidence to the favorable judgment of history.

H. Taft.

We appeal to the American electorate upon the record of the Republican party, and upon this declaration of its principles and purposes. We are confident that under the leadership of the candidates here to be nominated our appeal will not be in vain; that the Republican party will meet every just expectation of the people, whose servant it is; that under its administration and its laws our nation will continue to advance; that peace and prosperity will abide with the people, and that new glory will be added to the great Republic.

DEMOCRATIC.

In

The Democratic National Convention was held in Baltimore, Md., on June 25July 3. Alton B. Parker, of New York, was chosen temporary chairman on June 25, defeating William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, for that position by a vote of 578 to 510. Three votes were cast for Senator James A. Gorman, of New York, and one for Senator John W. Kern, of Indiana. Two delegates did not vote. The temporary roll, as made up by the national committee, contained 1,094 delegates, two extra delegates being allowed to New Mexico and six delegates to the Philippines. the permanent organization, approved on June 26, no representation was given to the Philippines. On the same day the convention voted to modify the unit rule by making it apply only to delegations from states in which the state conventions selected the delegates and specifically directed them to act as a unit. The vote on this modification was 565% to 495 2-3. The modification was made by adopting a minority report from the committee on rules.

Representative Ollie M. James, of Kentucky, was elected permanent chairman of the convention without opposition.

On June 27 Mr. Bryan introduced the following resolution: "Resolved, That in this crisis of our party's career and in our country's history this convention sends greeting to the people of the United States and assures them that the party of Jefferson and Jackson is still the champion of popular government and equality before the law.

As proof of our fidelity to the people we declare ourselves opposed to the nomination of any candidate for President who is the representative of, or under any obligation to, J. Pierpont Morgan, Thomas F. Ryan, August Belmont or any other member of the privilege-hunting and favor-seeking class. Be it further resolved, That we demand the withdrawal from the convention of any delegate or delegates constituting or representing the above-named interests."

After a long and bitter discussion the second part of the resolution was withdrawn and the first section was adopted by 889 votes to 196.

Balloting for a candidate for President began on June 28 and continued until July 2. Forty-six ballots were taken. On the first Champ Clark, of Missouri, had 4402 votes; Woodrow Wilson, of New Jersey, 324; Oscar W. Underwood, of Alabama, 1172; Judson Harmon, of Ohio, 148; Thomas R. Marshall, of Indiana, 31; Simeon E. Baldwin, of Connecticut, 22; William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, 1, and William Sulzer, of New York, 2. Two delegates did not vote.

Speaker Clark remained in the lead until the thirtieth ballot. The highest vote cast for him was 556 on the tenth ballot, on which 350 votes were cast for Mr. Wilson. Mr. Bryan's refusal to support Clark after the vote of New York had been transferred from Harmon to Clark caused a steady decline in the Speaker's strength and a proportionate increase in that of Mr. Wilson. The latter's vote rose from 460 on the thirtieth ballot to 5012 on the thirty-ninth and 602 on the forty-third. After the forty-fifth ballot Mr. Underwood's name was withdrawn and a stampede to Wilson was started. The following table shows the vote cast for the leading candidates on each of the forty-six ballots:

The first colonial publication worthy of the name was the famous “Bay Psalm Book," printed in Cambridge in 1640.

On

Three ballots were taken on July 2-3 for a candidate for Vice-President. the first, Governor Thomas R. Marshall, of Indiana, had 389 votes; Governor John Burke, of North Dakota, 305 2-3, and Senator George E. Chamberlain, of Oregon, 157. On the second ballot Marshall's vote increased to 645% and on the third his nomination was made unanimous.

THE PLATFORM.

The platform adopted on July 2 was as follows:

We, the representatives of the Democratic party of the United States, in national convention assembled, reaffirm our devotion to the principles of Democratic government formulated by Thomas Jefferson and enforced by a long and illustrious line of Democratic Presidents.

We declare it to be a fundamental principle of the Democratic party that the federal government under the Constitution has no right or power to impose or collect tariff duties, except for the purpose of revenue, and we demand Tariff Reform. that the collection of such taxes shall be limited to the necessities

of government honestly and economically administered.

The high Republican tariff is the principal cause of the unequal distribution of wealth; it is a system of taxation which makes the rich richer and the poor poorer; under its operations the American farmer and laboring man are the chief sufferers; it raises the cost of the necessaries of life to them but does not protect their product or wages. The farmer sells largely in free markets and buys almost entirely in the

The combined suicide rate of one hundred American cities was 19.7 per 100,000 population in 1910.