Article IV.

Notwithstanding the provisions of Article III, a station may be reserved for a limited public service determined by the object of the correspondence or by other circumstances independent of the system employed,

Article V.

Each of the High Contracting Parties undertakes to connect the coastal stations to the telegraph system by special wires, or, at least, to take other measures which will insure a rapid exchange between the coastal stations and the telegraph system.

Article VI.

The High Contracting Parties shall notify one another of the names of coastal stations and stations on shipboard referred to in Article I, and also of all data necessary to facilitate and accelerate the exchange of wireless telegrams, as specified in the regulations.

Article VII.

Each of the High Contracting Parties reserves the right to prescribe or permit at the stations referred to in Article I, apart from the installation the data of which are to be published in conformity with Article VI, the installation and working of other devices for the purpose of establishing special wireless communication without publishing the details of such devices.

Article VIII.

The working of the wireless telegraph stations shall be organized as far as possible in such manner as not to disturb the service of other wireless stations. Article IX.''

Wireless telegraph stations are bound to give absolute priority to calls of distress from ships, to similarly answer such calls and take such action with regard thereto as may be required.

Article X.

The total charge for wireless telegrams shall comprise:

1. The charge for the maritime transmission, that is:

(a) The coastal rate, which shall fall to the coastal station;

(b) The shipboard rate, which shall fall to the shipboard station.

2. The charge for transmission over the lines of the telegraph system, to be computed according to the general regulations.

The coastal rate shall be subject to the approval of the government of which the coastal station is dependent, and the shipboard rate to the approval of the government whose flag the ship is flying.

1

Each of these rates shall be fixed in accordance with the tariff per word, pure and simple, with an optional minimum rate per wireless telegram, on the basis of an equitable remuneration for the wireless work. Neither rate shall exceed a maximum to be fixed by the High Contracting Parties.

However, each of the High Contracting Parties, shall be at liberty to authorize higher rates than such maximum in the case of stations of ranges exceeding 800 kilometres or of stations whose work is exceptionally difficult owing to physical conditions in connection with the installation or working of the same. For wireless telegrams proceeding from or destined for a country and exchanged directly with the coastal stations of such country, the High Contracting Parties shall advise one another of the rates applicable to the transmission over the lines of their telegraph system. Such rates shall be those resulting from the principle that the coastal station is to be considered as the station of origin or of destination.

Article XI.

The provisions of the which shall have the same vention. The provisions of the present convention and of the regulations relating thereto may at any time be modified by the High Contracting Parties by common consent. Conferences of plenipotentiaries or simply administrative conferences, according as the convention or the regulations are affected, shall take place from time to time; each conference shall fix the time and place of the next meeting.

present convention are supplemented by regulations, force and go into effect at the same time as the con

Article XII.

Such conferences shall be composed of delegates of the governments of the contracting countries.

In the deliberations each country shall have but one vote.

If a government adheres to the convention for its colonies, possessions or protectorates, subsequent conferences may decide that such colonies, possessions or protectorates, or a part thereof, shall be considered as forming a country as regards the application of the preceding paragraph. But the number of votes at the disposal of one government, including it's colonies, possessions or protectorates, shall in no case exceed six.

Article XIII.

An international bureau shall be charged with collecting, coordinating and publishing information of every kind relating to wireless telegraphy, examining the applications for changes in the convention or regulations, promulgating the amendments adopted, and generally performing all administrative work referred to it in the interest of international wireless telegraphy.

The world's production of cotton amounts to about 17,000,000 bales of 500 pounds per

bale.

The expenses of such institution shall be borne by all the contracting countries.

Article XIV.

Each of the High Contracting Parties reserves to itself the right of fixing the terms on which it will receive wireless telegrams proceeding from or intended for any station, whether on shipboard or coastal, which is not subject to the provisions of the present convention.

If a wireless telegram is received the ordinary rates shall be applicable to it. Any wireless telegram proceeding from a station on shipboard and received by a coastal station of a contracting country, or accepted in transit by the admin'stration of a contracting country, shall be forwarded.

Any wireless telegram intended for a vessel shall also be forwarded if the administration of the contracting company has accepted it originally or in transit from a non-contracting country, the coastal station reserving the right to refuse transmission to a station on shipboard subject to a non-contracting country.

Article XV.

The provisions of Articles VIII and IX of this convention are also applicable to wireless telegraph installations other than those referred to in Article L. Article XVI.

Governments which are not parties to the present convention shall be permitted to adhere to it upon their request, Such adherence shall be communicated through diplomatic channels to the contracting government in whose territory the last conference shall have been held, and by the latter to the remaining govern

ments.

The adherence shall carry with it to the fullest extent acceptance of all the clauses of this convention and admission to all the advantages stipulated therein. Article XVII.

The provisions of Articles, I, II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XII and XVII of the International Telegraph Convention of St. Petersburg of July 10/22, 1875, shall be applicable to international wireless telegraphy.

Article XVIII.

In case of disagreement between two or more contracting governments regarding the interpretation or execution of the present convention or of the regulations referred to in Article XI, the question in dispute may, by mutual agreement, be submitted to arbitration. In such case each of the governments concerned shall choose another government not interested in the question at issue. The decision of the arbiters shall be arrived at by the absolute majority of votes.

In case of a division of votes, the arbiters shall choose, for the purpose of settling the disagreement, another contracting government which is likewise a stranger to the question at issue. In case of failure to agree on a choice, each arbiter shall propose a disinterested contracting government, and lots shall be drawn between the governments proposed. The drawing of the lots shall fall to the government within whose territory the international bureau provided for in Article XIII shall be located.

Article XIX.

The High Contracting Parties bind themselves to take, or propose to to their respective legislatures, the necessary measures for insuring the execution of the present convention..

Article XX.

The High Contracting Parties shall communicate to one another any laws already framed, or which may be framed, in their respective countries relative to the object of the present convention.

Article XXI.

The High Contracting Parties shall preserve their entire liberty as regards wireless telegraph installations other than provided for in Article I, especially naval and military installations, which shall be subject only to the obligations provided for in Articles VIII and IX of the present convention.

However, when such installations are used for general public service they shall conform, in the execution of such service, to the provisions of the regulations as regards the mode of transmission and rates.

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Article XXII.

The present convention shall go into effect on July 1, 1908, and shall remain in force for an indefinite period or until the expiration of one year from the day when it shall be denounced by any of the contracting parties.

Such denunciation shall effect only the government in whose name it shall have been made. As regards the other Contracting Powers, the convention shall

remain in force.

A supplementary agreement was signed by the representatives of Germany, Supplementary Belgium, Brazil, the United States of America, Argentina, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Chili, Denmark, Agreement. Spain, France, Greece, Monaco, Norway, the Netherlands, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, Turkey and Uruguay. It provided:

Each station on shipboard referred to in Article I of the convention shall

Of the pensioners of the War of 1812 on the Federal Pension Bureau's roll, 238 were still living on June 30, 1912.

be bound to correspond with any other station on shipboard without distinction of the wireless telegraph system adopted by such stations respectively.

II.

The governments which have not adhered to the foregoing article may at any time signify, by following the procedure prescribed by Article XVI of the convention, that they bind themselves to conform to its provisions.

Those which have adhered to the foregoing article may at any time, under the same conditions as provided for in Article XXII, signify their intention to cease conforming to its provisions.

This final protocol was also signed by all the principals in the conference:

I.

The High Contracting Parties agree that at the next conference the number of votes to which each country is entitled (Article XII of the convention) shall be decided at the beginning of the deliberations, so that the Final Protocol. colonies, possessions or protectorates admitted to the privilege of voting may exercise their right to vote during the entire course of the proceedings of such conference. This decision shall be of immediate effect and remain in force until amended by a subsequent conference.

As regards the next conference, applications for the admission of new votes in favor of colonies, possessions or protectorates which may have adhered to the convention shall be addressed to the International Bureau at least six months prior to the date of the convening of such conference. Notice of such applications shall at once be given to the remaining contracting governments, which may, within the period of two months from the receipt of the notice, formulate similar applications. II.

Each contracting government may reserve the right to designate, according to circumstances, certain coastal stations to be exempted from the obligation imposed by Article III of the convention, provided that, as soon as this measure goes into effect, there shall be opened within its territory one or several stations subject to the obligations of Article III, insuring, within the region where the exempted stations are located, such wireless telegraph service as will satisfy the needs of the public service. The governments desiring to reserve this right shall give notice thereof in the form provided for in the second paragraph of Article XVI of the convention, not later than three months before the convertion goes into effect, or, in case, of subsequent adhesion, at the time of such adhesion.

The countries whose names follow below declare now that they will not_reserve such right: Germany, United States, Argentina, Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chili, Greece, Mexico, Monaco, Norway, Netherlands, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, Uruguay,

III.

The manner of carrying out the provisions of the foregoing article shall be at the discretion of the government which takes advantage of the right of exemption; such government shall be at liberty to decide from time to time, in its own judgment, how many stations and what stations shall be exempted. Such government shall likewise be at liberty as regards the manner of carrying out the provision relative to the opening of other stations subject to the obligations of Article III, insuring, within the region where the exempted stations are located, such wireless telegraph service as will satisfy the needs of the public service. IV.

It is understood that, in order not to impede scientific progress, the provisions of Article III of the convention shall not prevent the eventual employment of a wireless telegraph system incapable of communicating with other systems; provided, however, that such incapacity shall be due to the specific nature of such system and that it shall not be the result of devices adopted for the sole purpose of preventing intercommunication.

V.

The adherence to the convention by the government of a country having colonies, possessions or protectorates shall not carry with it the adherence of its colonies, possessions or protectorates, unless a declaration to that effect is made by such government. Such colonies, possessions and protectorates as a whole, or each of them separately, may form the subject of a separate adherence or a separate denunciation within the provisions of Articles XVI and XXII of the convention.

It is understood that the stations on board of vessels whose headquarters is a port in a colony, possession or protectorate may be deemed as subject to the authority of such colony, possession or protectorate.

VI.

Note is taken of the following declaration:

The Italian delegation in signing the convention does so with the reservation that the convention cannot be ratified on the part of Italy until the date of the expiration of her contracts with Mr. Marconi and his company, or at an earlier date if the government of the King of Italy shall succeed in fixing such date by negotiations with Mr. Marconi and his company. VII.

In case one or several of the High Contracting Parties shall not ratify the

The wages paid in the carriage and wagon Industry of the United States amounted to $37,595,000 in 1909.

convention, it shall nevertheless be valid as to the parties which shall have ratifled it.

Service regulations annexed to the convention, which were also signed and ratified, may be found in executive document A of Sixtieth Congress, second session.

Declarations of the InterThe Senate ratified on April 24, 1912, a convennational Naval Conference. tion agreed upon by the International Naval Conference, held at London, England, December 4, 1908,

to February 26, 1909, dealing with naval warfare. It was as follows:

PRELIMINARY PROVISION.

The Signatory Powers are agreed that the rules contained in the following chapters correspond in substance with the generally recognized principles of international law.

CHAPTER I.-BLOCKADE IN TIME OF WAR.

Article I.

A blockade must not extend beyond the ports and coasts belonging to or occupied by the enemy.

Article II.

In accordance with the Declaration of Paris, of 1856, a blockade, in order to he binding, must be effective-that is to say, it must be maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent access to the enemy coastline.

Article II.

The question whether a blockade is effective is a question of fact.

Article IV.

A blockade is not regarded as raised if the blockading force is temporarily withdrawn on account of stress of weather. Article V.

A blockade must be applied impartially to the ships of all nations.

Article VI.

The commander of a blockading force may give permission to a warship to enter, and subsequently to leave, a blockaded port.

Article VII.

In circumstances of distress, acknowledged by an officer of the blockading force, a neutral vessel may enter a place under blockade and subsequently leave it, provided that she has neither discharged nor shipped any cargo there.

Article VIII.

A blockade, in order to be binding, must be declared in accordance with Article IX, and notified in accordance with Articles XI and XVI.

Article IX.

A declaration of blockade is made either by the blockading Power or by the naval authorities acting in its name.

It specifies:

(1) The date when the blockade begins;

(2) The geographical limits of the coastline under blockade;

(3) The period within which neutral vessels may come out.

Article X.

If the operations of the blockading Power, or of the naval authorities acting in its name, do not tally with the particulars, which, in accordance with Article IX (1) and (2), must be inserted in the declaration of blockade, the declaration is void, and a new declaration is necessary in order to make the blockade operative.

Article XI.

A declaration of blockade is notified:

(1) To neutral Powers, by the blockading Power by means of a communication addressed to the governments direct, or to their representatives accredited to it;

(2) To the local authorities, by the officer commanding the blockading force. The local authorities will, in turn, inform the foreign consular officers at the port or on the coastline under blockade as soon as possible.

Article XII.

The rules as to declaration and notification of blockade apply to cases where the limits of a blockade are extended, or where a blockade is re-established after having been raised.

Article XIII.

The voluntary raising of a blockade, as also any restriction in the limits of a blockade, must be notified in the manner prescribed by Article XI.

Article XIV.

The liability of a neutral vessel to capture for breach of blockade is contingent on her knowledge, actual or presumptive, of the blockade.

The capital invested in automobile manufacturing in 1909 was $173,873,000; the value of products was $249,202,000.

Article XV.

Failing proof to the contrary, knowledge of the blockade is presumed if the vessel left a neutral port subsequently to the notification of the blockade to the Power to which such port belongs, provided that such notification was made in sufficient time.

Article XVI.

If a vessel approaching a blockaded port has no knowledge, actual or presumptive, of the blockade, the notification must be made to the vessel itself by an officer of one of the ships of the blockading force. This notification should be entered in the vessel's logbook, and must state the day and hour, and the geographical position of the vessel at the time.

If, through the negligence of the officer commanding the blockading force, no declaration of blockade has been notified to the local authorities, or, if in the declaration, as notified, no period has been mentioned within which neutral vessels may come out, a neutral vessel coming out of the blockaded port must be allowed to pass free..

Article XVII.

Neutral vessels may not be captured for breach of blockade except within the area of operations of the warships detailed to render the blockade effective. Article XVIII.

The blockading forces must not bar access to neutral ports or coasts.

Article XIX.

Whatever may be the ulterior destination of a vessel or of her cargo, she cannot be captured for breach of blockade, if, at the moment, she is on her way to a non-blockaded port.

Article XX.

A vessel which has broken blockade outwards, or which has attempted to break blockade inwards, is liable to capture so long as she is pursued by a ship of the blockading force. If the pursuit is abandoned, or if the blockade is raised, her capture can no longer be effected.

Article XXI.

The

A vessel found guilty of breach of blockade is liable to condemnation. cargo is also condemned, unless it is proved that at the time of the shipment of the goods the shipper neither knew nor could have known of the intention to break the blockade.

CHAPTER II.-CONTRABAND OF WAR.

Article XXII.

The following articles may without notice be treated as contrabrand of war, under the name of absolute contrabrand:

(1) Arms of all kinds, including arms for sporting purposes and their distinctive component parts.

(2) Projectiles, charges and cartridges of all kinds and their distinctive, component parts.

(3) Powder and explosives specially prepared for use in war.

(4) Gun mountings, limber boxes, limbers, military wagons, field forges and their distinctive component parts.

(5) Clothing and equipment of a distinctively military character.

(6) All kinds of harness of a distinctly military character.

(7) Saddle, draught and pack animals suitable for use in war.

(8) Articles of camp equipment and their distinctive component parts.

(9) Armor plates.

(10) Warships, including boats and their distinctive component parts of such a nature that they can only be used on a vessel of war.

(11) Implements and apparatus designed exclusively for the manufacture of munitions of war, for the n.anufacture or repair of arms, or war material for use on land or sea.

Article XXIII.

Articles exclusively used for war may be added to the list of absolute contrabrand by a declaration, which must be notified.

Such notification must be addressed to the governments of other Powers, or to their représentatives accredited to the Power making the declaration. A notification made after the outbreak of hostilities is addressed only to neutral Powers. Article XXIV.

The following articles, susceptible of use in war as well as for purposes of peace, may, without notice, be treated as contrabrand of war, under the name of conditional contrabrand;

war.

(1) Foodstuffs.

(2) Forage and grain, suitable for feeding animals.

(3) Clothing, fabrics for clothing and boots and shoes, suitable for use in

(4) Gold and silver in coin or bullion; paper money..

(5) Vehicles of all kinds available for use in war, and their component parts. (6) Vessels, craft and boats of all kinds; floating docks, parts of docks and their component parts.

(7) Railway material, both fixed and rolling stock, and material for telegraphs, wireless telegraphs and telephones.

The railways in New South Wales carried 60,919,600 passengers in 1910 without one train accident resulting in loss of life.