usually black, the lips thick (see illustration, page 216).

Ordinarily they have absolutely no beard, though the lighter and yellower Quichua sometimes displays a wisp in the crease of either cheek above the mouth and perhaps a few straggling hairs under the chin. The neck is short and thick, the shoulders massive, the chest deep. The skin is swarthy brown or coppery to dark olive.

While hair on the face is almost totally lacking, the head bears hair which is black, thick, and strong.

The Quichua appears more robust than the Aymará, though usually somewhat shorter, while his cheekbones are more prominent, his forehead a bit more protuberant, and his skull oblong.

Whether the ancient Mongols crossed over Bering Sea and traversed the great region from the north to the vicinity of the Bolivian plateau, or whether there really existed the fabled land bridge across the Southern Pacific, are matters more of human interest than of material significance. That they were the ancestors of the present-day Aymarás, as well as of all other American Indian tribes, is generally accepted.

There are many indications that two very different civilizations succeeded each other at ancient Tiahuanacu. Many of the worked stones are only half finished, which induces the belief that some great catastrophe, natural or otherwise, compelled the workmen to leave their task uncompleted.

The character of the work itself denotes that the half-shaped and sculptured stones belong to the second phase of Tiahuanacu's history. Statues and monoliths are not of the same rock materials, nor of the same artistic style. Some are of the gray-grained arsenic stone, almost as enduring as flint, while others are a sort of red sandstone, apparently more enduring than one might think. The latter would seem to be of the second epoch; and this is the stone in which one finds the unfinished work.

A STONEHENGE OF ANCIENT AMERICA

Great menhirs, or monoliths, inclose an enormous quadrangle to the east of the present village. To one who has visited

Stonehenge, near Salisbury, England, they have a not unfamiliar aspect.

Dolmens, or stone tables, generally consisting of three or four large flat stones, covered with another and larger one, like a table supported by its legs, are found in many places about this region, but more especially near the shores of Lake Titicaca and upon its many islands.

These may be the remains of what once were tombs of heroes and notables to whom the tribe wished to pay tribute. They are similar in appearance to those seen in Denmark, Germany, France, and other European countries.* Covered galleries, with their openings always toward the rising sun or to the north, are occasionally found in the low hills near the Tiahuanacu ruins.

Other features of these monuments are the great statues hewn out of the raw stone, representing heroes and divinities, a class of sculpture said to be entirely lacking among European ruins of comparable culturet (see illustrations, pages 239 and 241).

THE GREAT HILL OF AKAPANA

Bolivian investigators have designated by their various Aymará names the different sections of the ruins. That nearest the Guaqui-La Paz Railway tracks, entering Tiahuanacu, is called Akapana, a great hill suggestive of the creations of our ancient North American mound builders. It also bears other names which, translated, mean The Fortress, Artificial Hill, and Hill of the Sacrifices.

It rises to a height of about 165 feet. The base is an irregular parallelogram, with the four sides duly placed toward the four cardinal points. Its flattened surface, with sloping sides, makes it a sort of truncated pyramid. Apparently it once stood in the midst of a series of pyramids, but treasure-hunters have marred these sadly.

The side walls, about 485 by 650 feet, were made of huge joined rectangular

* See, also, "The Mysterious Prehistoric Monuments of Brittany," by Charles Buxton Going, in the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE for July, 1923.

Of interest for comparative purposes, see "The Mystery of Easter Island," by Mrs. Scoresby Routledge, in the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE for December, 1921.