and public-school records such statistics relating to aliens that are necessary to the administration of the act. The tabulation of such statistics shall be performed by the Bureau of the Census of the Department of Commerce upon the statistical tabulating machinery thereof and by its employees. Upon report by the Director of the Census of the cost of such tabulation, the appropriations of such bureau shall be reimbursed upon the records of the Treasury Department in the amount of such cost from the enrollment and Americanization fund. SEC. 11. That the person in charge of any building or part thereof, outside the District of Columbia, owned or rented by the United States, shall, upon the request of the Secretary, furnish to enrollment officers quarters for enrollment, if furnishing such quarters does not result in unreasonable interference with the use of the building for other Government purposes.

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SEC. 12. The moneys collected as fees under the provisions of this act shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States, and shall constitute a permanent appropriation, to be called "The enrollment and Americanization fund," to be used under the direction of the Secretary of Labor to pay the salaries and expenses of special enrollment officers and of all officers, clerks, and employees of the naturalization service appointed exclusively to enforce the provisions of this act, including personal services in the District of Columbia. to pay for the education in the principles of our institutons of government and the responsbilities and benefits of its citizenship, including the promotion of instruction in the English language, of aliens not eligible to instruction in the public schools as regular pupils, in such manner and with such facilities as the said Secretary may prescribe, including lectures, advertisements in newspapers printed in the United States-the term newspaper" shall be held to embrace the foreign-language press, trade organs, magazines, and periodicalsand for the further carrying on of th's educational work the said Secretary of Labor is authorized to use the enrollment and Americanization fund to purchase scenarios and to produce, purchase, lease, and distribute moving pictures to be shown in such locality and at such times as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe; to publish a citizen's text book and manual for teachers for distribution to those in attendance upon citizenship classes in the public schools and to the teachers of such classes; to publish and distribute such other books and pamphlets as may be required in the administration of this act, the printing and binding of such publications to be done at the Government Printing Office and the appropriation used for the purpose by the Public Printer to be reimbursed from the enrollment and Americanization fund; and the said Secretary of Labor is further authorized to cooperate with civic, educational, community, and other organizations in the administration of the educational provisions of this section, to accept voluntary services in connection therewith, notwithstanding the provisions of section 3679, United States Revised Statutes, as amended, and to pay transportation and postage charges from the enrollment and Americanization fund when the same can not be covered under Government frank on matter forwarded or received by reason of such cooperation. SEC. 13. There is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of $500.000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to pay the expenses of administration of this act until there has been collected and deposited in the enrollment and Americanization fund a sufficient sum to cover the current expenses of administration, including personal service in the District of Columbia, and to be immediately available: Provided, That there shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States to the credit of miscellaneous receipts, whenever the Secretary of Labor shall find a surplus in the enrollment and Americanization fund over and above the amount needed for the current expenses in any fiscal year, such amounts as the said Secretary may deem advisable, until the appropriation hereby made has been refunded to the United States.

SEC. 14. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and after ninety days from the date of its passage: Provided, That sections 7 and 13 shall go into effect from and after the passage of this act.

STATEMENT OF JOHN A. TOPPING IN CONNECTION WITH TESTIMONY SUBMITTED BEFORE THE IMMIGRATION COMMITTEE OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Abundant labor supply is essential to the general welfare of this country. for without it the cost of living can not be regulated downward, for the reason that labor, broadly and generally speaking, represents, in the final analysis, about 85 per cent of living cost.

Agriculture, one of our most important industries, is essentially a labor proposition, and unless labor in abundance is at hand crops can not be seeded or harvests made. Another important item in the agricultural situation is, of course, farm machinery, the price of which is equally dependent upon labor, steel, and lumber in abundance.

Iron and steel, perhaps next to agriculture, is one of our most important crops, both in size and importance—the major item of cost of which is labor, which represents about 85 per cent of the ultimate cost. Iron and steel is likewise the backbone of transportation; on the other hand, transportation, with the exception of labor, is the largest single item of cost of steel production, as the railroads move about 6 tons of inbound traffic for every 1 ton of outbound finished product.

Transportation, on the other hand, is equally dependent upon labor, aside from which the largest items of operating cost are represented by fuel and iron and steel supplies, both of which commodities are essentially labor's product.

Cheap bread and meat, for which we look to the farm to supply, are, therefore, principally dependent upon labor, transportation, and iron and steel, and unless the farmer can purchase his supplies at reasonable prices we can not expect any reduction in farm-product prices.

Commodity prices, general commodities, in fact, bear the same relation to labor and transportation as do farm products, and there can not be any material reduction in costs of the commodities we require for living purposes, without the cooperation of labor, or reduction in labor prices, as living costs are reduced.

Hours of work can not be standardized, pay per hour and hours of work depending upon the character of the work and competitive influences. It may be said, however, that a short day necessarily means maximum pay per hour, whereas a full day's work, less pay per hour, assuming, of course, that the pay per day is maintained on a living basis.

Full day's work is entirely contingent upon the kind of work done eight hours for constant application and continuous work might be considered a maximum in such cases, but where intermittent work exists 12 hours might not be injurious to the worker. In the steel trade the day's work of some of our departments is 8 hours, in others 10, and we likewise maintain 12 hours' work in those departments where intermittent work exists.

Labor supply considered alone would not, in my opinion, affect any material reduction in working hours, as I believe the hours of work and pay per day can not be established and maintained, except when and as competition permits such changes. Under existing labor conditions, however, where an actual shortage in labor exists, any attempted change in shortening hours of work in general industry would only result in curtailed production and increased cost. If it were a practical thing to do, and labor supply permitted the elimination of the 12-hour turn in the steel industry, I estimate it would increase the working force of this industry approximately 250,000 men, and would result also in a very substantial increase in the cost of iron and steel. European experience with a short day has shown that it is an economic failure-that where the day per hour has not been increased sufficiently to maintain the maximum pay per day, that the earnings of the employee have been unfairly reduced, considering present living cost; that where the pay has been raised to the maximum per hour to maintain the wages of pay per day the cost of products has been unreasonably increased-some estimates of these increases running from 25 per cent to 50 per cent.

As to the general effect upon European industry, of the short day, I submit some rather interesting data taken from the statements made by August Thyssen, general industrial; C. E. Siddall, English steel master; Arundel Cotter, writer for the Wall Street Journal.

LABOR AND IMMIGRATION.

Another phase of this situation, as I see it, is that unless more unskilled labor is brought into the country there will be more or less skilled labor unemployment, for the reason that at present we have ample skilled labor but are very short of common labor. This situation might be temporarily relieved if an amendment could be made to the present immigration law, which provided

that where it is shown the net balance between immigration and emigration shows a decrease in any one national group, that such decrease could be made up by increasing the quota allowable for immigration.

NEW LEGISLATION.

No relief of a practical character can be had with respect to relieving the shortage in common labor supplies without new legislation, and my recommendation is that general provision for relief should be as follows:

1. Remove all restrictions on immigration, except as to undesirables; i. e., there should be no restriction on quality, and I would define quality to mean persons with sound minds and bodies, who have maintained a good standard of citizenship in their own country.

2. That all literacy tests should be abolished; that good citizenship should be based upon moral and political tests.

3. To provide for a reasonable regulation of labor supply, provision should be made in the act for flexibility in labor supply.

4. That discretionary power should be placed in the hands of the President of the United States, either restricting or encouraging immigration, whenever such action is suggested by joint recommendation of the Secretaries of Labor, Agriculture, and Commerce. To effect this regulation it would necessarily suggest the administration of the law by a board representing the Departments of Labor, Agriculture, and Commerce.

IN CONCLUSION.

And in general comment on labor cost and supply I desire to call your attention to some comparative figures recently compiled by the National Industrial Conference Board, which show that since 1914 general labor costs advanced about 103.2 per cent, whereas the increased cost of living was only 58.7 per cent. These figures emphasize what has taken place since 1914 in farm-production costs and the increased cost of marketing farm products; in consequence, it is clearly evident that it takes more bushels of wheat to buy what the farmer requires in the way of labor supplies and transportation. While all these items of farm requirements are comparatively high, measured by prewar figures, yet they are not high as related to present cost of production. The only cure for the present situation, or to restore more nearly pre-war values for commodities and transportation, is by making reasonable adjustments in labor rates, i. e., reductions warranted from time to time by reduced living costs, and readjustments of this character can not be made without an adequate labor supply.

Hon. ALBERT JOHNSON,

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON THE PUBLIC LANDS, Washington, D. C., January 17, 1923.

Chairman Committee on Immigration,

House of Representatives.

DEAR MR. JOHNSON: I am herewith calling attention to the following resolution passed by the East Hood River National Farm Loan Association of Oregon :

"That this association vehemently protests against any change in our immigration laws that would allow an increase in the number of immigrants now allowed."

I wish you would kindly call this resolution to the attention of your committee.

DEAR SIR: With reference to our correspondence last month relative to the proposed changes in the immigration act toward relieving the present labor shortage within the custom-tailoring industry, your committee will perhaps be

interested in the inclosed clipping from the Daily News-Record of January 5, reporting, in part, my speech before the Merchant Tailors Designers' Association, Philadelphia, on Thursday evening.

With reference to the testimony of the members of a committee from a merchant tailoring trade organization before your committee on the 3d, as reported in the Daily News-Record, it is a question how representative of the entire industry this trade association really is. My understanding is that its membership is counted by the hundreds rather than by the thousands. Further, while there is a shortage of competent help in the custom-tailoring industry, the shortage does not nearly approach the approximate 38,000 stated at the hearing.

Still further, my understanding of the situation with one of the members of the committee appearing before your committee January 3, does not bear out the statement that he employs 50 tailors at wages ranging from $32 to $150 per week.

In am not, in any sense, opposed to really competent tailors coming into this country from Europe, but I do believe that a much easier and a more logical solution of the custom-tailoring industry's present problem is in the establishment of preparatory tailoring trade schools that will thoroughly train the American-born young man for the highly renumerative work always to be secured in this important and prosperous industry.

If I can be of any further service to you and your committee, I shall be glad to hear your requirements.

Yours very truly,

FRED. T. CROONBORG,
General Director.

(The clipping referred to by Mr. Croonborg is as follows:)

TAILORS' SCHOOL FOR RELIEVING SHORTAGE OF LABOR IS URGED-PLAN PROPOSED TO PHILADELPHIA TAILORS AS PREFERABLE TO ALIEN ACT CHANGES.

[Philadelphia Bureau Daily News Record.]

PHILADELPHIA, January 4.—The establishment of preparatory tailoring trade schools was suggested here to-night as a means of relieving the shortage of skilled workers in the custom tailoring trade, by Fred. T. Croonborg, who spoke before the Merchant Tailors' Designing Association in the Hanover Hotel.

Mr. Croonborg proposed the trade school idea as being preferable to changes in the immigration law, which have been suggested by custom tailors and clothing manufacturers as the most practical method of solving the labor shortage. Referring to the immigration plan, Mr. Croonborg said:

"The effort to remedy the situation through changing the immigration act in favor of the custom tailoring trade is not likely to succeed since but 5 per cent of the tailors coming here from Europe would be of any use to the customer tailoring industry. The other 95 per cent represents an element that the United States would rather not admit to this country. They, as you well know, can only be used by the clothing manufacturers. Long study of the matter convinces me that the remedy for the situation is preparatory tailoring trade schools.

"The preparatory tailoring trade school, I believe, is a sound as well as logical solution of the industry's present day problem. The establishment and maintenance of such schools is not the concern of any particular individual, group of individuals, nor of the industry within any particular city of any particular section of the country. Rather, it is the concern of the custom tailoring industry throughout the country. Every individual in the industry can not fail to benefit through the establishment of such schools."

SOUTH DUXBURY, MASS., January 6, 1923.

CHAIRMAN HOUSE IMMIGRATION COMMITTEE.

DEAR SIR: At your hearing Mr. Emery well said " that native-born-and he might have included foreign-born-American labor was growing more loath to do pick and shovel or other hard work," but did he analyze the cause and reasons for this "state of mind"? Probably not.

Our public-school system and our colleges are largely to blame; they have become more and more cultural in their aims and purposes.

Even our State agricultural colleges, partly supported by national funds, have largely departed from their original purpose to teach both technically and practically agriculture and arts and have become mostly cultural in their aims with curricula nearly the same as Harvard, Yale, and other large universities; and they suggest, if they do not directly teach, that labor is degrading.

Compel these nationally organized colleges to conform to the laws under which they were organized, which says "cultural studies not necessarily excluded." Furthermore, more employers of labor should develop their industries so that much less common labor be required through more efficient use of the labor we have, which can be done. Respectfully submitted.

CHARLES F. SHIRLEY.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
New York, January 6, 1923.

HON. ALBERT JOHNSON,

Chairman Committee on Immigration,

House of Representatives,

Washington, D. C.

MY DEAR MR. JOHNSON: I was present at the committee hearing yesterday as chairman of the committee on immigration of the National Association of Manufacturers and also as chairman of a similar committee appointed by the National Malleable Castings Association.

The hearing terminated without opportunity on my part to present a statement, but the remarks of Mr. Emery so fully represented our views that I only wish to place one statement before the committee on a point that seems to be uppermost in the minds of several members of your honorable committee, viz: What becomes of the natural increase in American labor, and why does not this labor go to the basic industries, such as steel plants and foundries?

The situation in my own city of Dayton, Ohio, illustrates a condition that prevails throughout the Middle West particularly, and in the Eastern States as a whole to some degree, due largely to the tremendous development of the automobile industry and allied accessory manufacturing in recent years.

In our city we have several large foundries which find it difficult to secure an adequate labor supply even at high wages because of more attractive employment offered by other industries in the city. Foundry labor is all of a character which we denominate "rough labor," and for many years it has been recruited from immigration, particularly Poles, Hungarians, Italians, and related races. In recent years the recruiting for this industry has been largely from the colored population of the South, and this has caused serious disturbance of industrial and agricultural conditions in that section.

Now, why does not American labor come to the foundries? We have in our city the National Cash Register Co., the Dayton Engineering Laboratories, the General Motors Research Corporation, the Delco Light Co., the Ohmer Fare Register Co., and several other highly specialized industries, who employ between 15,000 and 20,000 high-class mechanics and engineers. These industries are not represented in your hearings because they do not want and can not use the class of labor provided by immigration until it is at least partially Americanized. These industries do, however, want American labor, and they absolutely absorb the supply whenever conditions are reasonably normal, leaving such industries as foundries and steel mills dependent largely upon immigration for their development as the country grows and additional demands for our products are created. These basic industries are absolutely essential to any growth of the other class of industries I have mentioned and to the country in general.

As further illustration of what I have just developed, I want to mention two or three very large industries now widely established or else in process of development which call for highly skilled or intelligent labor and which are absorbing the big mass of native-born labor. I cite the automobile industry, which, I think, is the second largest in this country and employs an army of