Principles of Economics: With Special Reference to American Conditions

Front Cover
Longmans, Green, and Company, 1907 - Economics - 710 pages
 

Contents

Wealth Money and Property
19
Meaning of Economic
23
CONCLUSION
24
THE HISTORICAL FORMS OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISE
34
Part II
36
THE POPULATION
48
PAGE
50
Concentration of Population
50
Distribution of Population in 1900
51
Increase of Population
57
Foreign Immigration to the United States
60
84
60
1 Total Foreign Born at each Census
60
Constituents of the Population of States
60
DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC LIFE
66
Handicraft System
91
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED States
99
Production of Corn
103
Proportion of Wage Earners to Population
106
DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT
109
Adam Smith and the Physiocrats
119
CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC LIFE
125
COMPETITION
139
Dangers of Competition
145
Substitutes for Competition
151
CHAPTER PAGE XI FREEDOM 65 References
154
Decay and Disappearance of Slavery
158
Liberty of Economic Action
163
Various Kinds of Economic Freedom
165
Individual Liberty as a Social Concept
170
Part III
173
Marginal Utility Law of Diminishing Utility
175
Individual and Social Value
179
Value in Exchange
182
Value and Price
184
Value and Marginal Increments of Wealth
185
THE MEASURE of Value 78 References
189
Individual and Social Cost
192
Cost and Surplus
194
Cost and Utility
198
Social Surplus and Progress
201
THE CAPITALIZATION OF VALUE 84 References
204
Law of Depreciation
206
Law of Future Estimates
209
Law of Diminishing Returns
211
Forms of Value
214
Value as a Differential
217
Relation of Rental and Capital Values
219
CHAPTER PAGE XV DETERMINATION OF MARKET VALUE 92 References
222
Market and Normal Price
223
Conditions of ExchangeLaw of Comparative Utilities and Comparative Costs
225
Rate of Exchange Barter
226
One Seller and One Buyer
228
Monopoly
230
Competition
233
Conclusions
234
DETERMINATION OF Normal Value 101 References
239
Normal Supply Cost of Production
242
Law of Marginal or Maximum Cost
245
Law of Minimum Cost
247
Elasticity of Supply Law of Varying Cost
249
Law of Joint Cost
251
Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Normal Supply
253
Influence of Normal Price upon Market Price
254
Normal Monopoly Value
255
THE GENERAL LAW OF VAlue III References
260
Value and Efficiency
262
Efficiency and Capitalization
266
Valuation and Taxation
267
Valuation and Regulation
271
Valuation and Investment
273
VALUE AND PRODUCTION XVIII CHARACTER AND FACTORS OF PRODUCTION 118 References
275
Kinds of Production
278
Factors of Production
280
Production and the Producer
282
LABor 123 References
285
Cost of Labor
287
Efficiency of Labor
289
Division of Labor Nature and Advantages 128 Division of Labor Defects
295
Combination of Labor
297
296
298
Supply of Labor
299
LAND 131 References
300
Situation of Land
307
Cultivation of Land
309
CAPITAL 136 References
313
Kinds of Capital
315
Function of Capital
317
Creation and Growth of Capital
319
Nature and Influence of Capital
321
Investment of Capital
325
ENTERPRISE
329
LargeScale Production
332
LargeScale Agriculture
335
Consolidation and Integration of Production
337
Growth of Combination
341
Effects of Combination
345
Limits of Combination
349
VALUE AND DISTRIBUTION XXIII PRofits 150 References
351
Relation of Land Rent to Other Rents
373
Rent and Price
376
Growth of Land Rent
379
Land Rent and Land Tenure
383
Justification of Land Rent
388
INTEREST 165 References
392
Interest and Forbearance
396
Interest and Productivity
399
Course of Interest
403
Tendency of Interest to a Minimum
405
Regulation of Interest
408
WAGES 172 References
411
Wages and Cost
414
Wages and Efficiency
416
Rate of Wages
419
Course of Wages
420
Variations in Wages
422
Hand and Machine Labor Selected Units
422
Wages and Profits
427
References
429
Labor Legislation
430
Object and Functions
434
Methods
439
Results of Strikes
440
Profit Sharing and Cooperation
442
Arbitration and Conciliation
445
VALUE AND EXCHANGE CHAPTER PAGE XXVIII MONEY NATURE AND VALUE 186 References
448
Origin and Functions of Money
449
Kinds of Money
452
Value of Money
456
Nature of the Monetary Demand
458
Changes in the Monetary Demand
461
The Monetary Supply
463
The Quantity Theory
466
Commodities and the Price Level
468
Index Numbers
470
Relative Wholesale and Retail Price of Fresh
470
Distribution of Money
473
Stability of Money
476
MONEY PRACTICAL PROBLEMS 198 References
481
Greshams Law
486
Production of the Precious Metals
488
313
491
Choice of the Money Standard
493
Embarrassments of Bimetallism
496
The Struggle for Silver
498
Abandonment of the Silver Standard
502
Adoption of the Gold Standard
507
Paper Money
509
CREDIT AND BANKING 208 References
518
Instruments of Credit
521
Development of Banking
524
Modern Bank Operations
530
Bank Statements
536
The Deposit and Check System
539
Bank Reserves
543
Credit and Prices
550
CREDIT AND CURRENCY 217 References
554
66
556
Regulation of Note Issues
561
Early American Systems
566
The National Banks
570
The Money Rate
573
The Money Market
576
Currency Reform
581
Credit and Crises PAGE
585
INTERNATIONAL TRADE 226 References 227 Basis of International Trade
587
319
591
Rate of International Exchange
593
The Argument for Protection 229 Growth of Free Trade
599
The Argument for Free Trade
606
Conclusion
610
TRANSPORTATION 233 References
613
Transmission of Intelligence
615
Railway Development
617
104
619
Nature of Railway Business
620
Principle of Railway Charges
624
Classification
629
Personal Discrimination
631
Local Discrimination
633
Railway Regulation
637
INSURANCE 242 References
641
Nature of Insurance
643
Growth of Insurance
645
Theory of Insurance
649
GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS
655
Conditions of Public Ownership
662
Government Regulation
669
POVERTY AND Progress
675
Prevention of Poverty
691
The Rôle of Economics
697
321
701
324
702
351
703
587
705
357
707
Methods and Regulation of Insurance 631 632 637 641 641 644 649 652
708
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