The expenditure per capita on immigrants to Canada from continental Europe during the eight years considered was approximately $1.99. The wide difference between per capita expenditures in the United States and the United Kingdom and such expenditures in continental Europe may be accounted for by the fact that Canada makes no so-called immigration effort in several European countries which nevertheless furnish annually a considerable number of immigrants to the Dominion. Moreover, the United States and Great Britain permit the open and unrestricted solicitation of immigration on the part of Canada, while, as previously stated, some European countries regarded by Canada as sources of desirable immigration do not tolerate a propaganda of that nature.

SOURCES OF CANADA'S IMMIGRATION.

It is apparent that at present Canada divides the emigrating races of the transoceanic world into three general groups, as follows: First, natives of the United Kingdom and of northern and western continental Europe; second, southern and eastern Europeans; third, the races of the Orient.

The government has a well-defined idea of the desirability of each group as settlers in Canada; and the Canadian immigration act, although excluding no one solely because of his race or nationality, seems to make possible an effective discrimination among them. As previously explained, every effort is made to induce persons of the first class to settle in Canada. Those of the second group, although admitted in rather large numbers, are not solicited, and, as will be shown later, more or less effective obstacles are placed in their way. Those of the third class are practically prohibited from coming by the Chinese immigration act, and by barriers erected under various provisions of the immigration law, which will later be discussed in detail.

How Canada has succeeded in attracting immigrants of the races or peoples desired is indicated by the following tables, which show in detail the racial or national composition of immigration to the Dominion during the past nine years, during which period the present system of control has been developed.

Canadian immigration statistics are generally recorded by race rather than country of birth, although, as will be seen, territorial rather than ethnological designations are employed to a considerable extent, and in some instances immigrants are designated by the religious sect with which they are affiliated. Therefore the table next submitted, while not entirely comparable with United States immigration statistics, nevertheless gives a clear idea of the racial distribution of recent Canadian immigration.

TABLE 4.—Total immigration to Canada from July 1, 1900, to March 31, 1909, by race or nationality.

[Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.]

Grand total....

a Not elsewhere specified.

49, 149 67,379 128,364 130,331 146, 266 189, 064 124, 667 262, 469 146, 908 1,244,597

c Including 316 United States citizens coming to Canada via ocean ports.

b A religious sect.

The following tables show the immigration to Canada in the years 1908 and 1909, and for the nine years ending March 31, 1909, of certain races coming from countries where immigration effort is made; that from countries whose people are admitted to Canada but whose coming is not solicited; the number of persons coming from the United States; and the number of Asiatics:

TABLE 5.-Immigration to Canada from European countries where immigration effort is made, by race or people.

[Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.]

a Including 2 Alsatian, 7 Bavarian, 5 Prussian.

b Including 1 Alsatian, 74 Prussian, 8 Saxon.

c Including 8 Alsatian, 30 Bavarian, 158 Prussian, 41 Saxon.

TABLE 6.-Immigration to Canada from European countries, including Syria, where no immigration effort is made, by race or people. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.]

b Including 4 Magyar.

c Including 1,001 Magyar..

a Including 321 Magyar. NOTE.-During the fiscal year ending March 31, 1910, a total of 208,794 immigrants were admitted to Of these, 103,984, or 49.8 per cent of the total, came from the United States; 70,151, or 33.6 per cent, from northern and western Europe; and 28,237, or 13.5 per cent, from southern and eastern Europe. (For discussion of immigration to Canada in the fiscal year 1910, see p. 21.)

Canada.

TABLE 7.-Immigration to Canada from the United States, in the years 1908 and 1909, and the period 1901 to 1909.

[Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.]

Country.

1908.

1909. 1901-1909.

United States..

58,445 59,926 393,908

TABLE 8.-Immigration to Canada from Asiatic countries, by race or people, in the years 1908 and 1909, and the period 1901 to 1909. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.]

TABLE 9.—Total immigration to Canada, by specified countries of groups of countries, in the years 1908 and 1909, and the period 1901 to 1909. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.]

It appears from the above that during the nine years mentioned 78.4 per cent of the immigration to Canada consisted of races or peoples from the north and west of Europe and from the United States, 18.9 per cent of races or peoples from the south and east of Europe, and only 1.7 per cent was from Asiatic countries. What proportion of the immigration of favored classes was induced by Canada's efforts, and how many persons of the classes not favored were prevented from coming because of the indifferent attitude of Canada, or by the barriers erected against them, can not, of course, be determined.

As previously stated, during the fiscal years 1905 to 1909, inclusive, a bonus was paid on 16.5 per cent of the arrivals from the United Kingdom, on 11 per cent of those coming from continental Europe, and on 5.6 per cent of United States immigrants, but it is, of course, improbable that the bonus paid was the determining factor in each case involved.

Whether attributable to Canada's policy or to natural causes, it is noteworthy that so large a proportion of the European immigration to the Dominion during the period considered originated in countries where immigration effort is made. The result is even more striking

when it is considered that the incentive to emigration, as measured by recent immigration to the United States, is much stronger in southern and eastern than in northern and western European countries. The following table, comparing recent European immigration to Canada and to the United States, clearly illustrates the point:

TABLE 10.—Total European immigration, including Syrian, to Canada and to the United States, fiscal years 1901 to 1909.

[Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department and from reports of United States Commissioner-General of Immigration.]

Europe, including United Kingdom. Europe, excluding United Kingdom.

It will be seen that in the past nine years 71.2 per cent of European immigration to Canada was from the northern and western countries, while only 23.8 per cent of persons coming from Europe to the United States were from those sections. British immigration, however, was largely responsible for the preponderance of northern and western Europeans in the movement to Canada, for, as indicated by the above table, 74.6 per cent of the continental immigrants to the Dominion came from southern and eastern Europe and Syria. But even when continental Europe is considered separately it will be seen that there is a considerable racial difference in the composition of immigration to Canada and to the United States.

There is an even more striking difference in the composition of European immigration to Canada and to the United States for the year ending March 31, 1908, during which immigration to Canada reached its highest point, and the year ending June 30, 1907, when the greatest immigration to the United States was recorded, as will be seen from the next table submitted.