Dr. Goldsmith, on the first of May, 1877, received the appointment of second assistant physician of the Bloomingdale Asylum. He resigned his position at Bloomingdale in August, 1879, and in September, sailed for England, where he spent first, about six months as a volunteer assistant to Dr. Major, of the West Riding Asylum, in Yorkshire; then a few weeks in study, mostly in London, and in travel, and finally held a volunteer position on the staff of Dr. Clouston, of the Royal Edinburgh Asylum, when he was invited to return to Bloomingdale to take the place of first assistant physician. He accepted the position, and returning at once from abroad entered upon its duties on September 15, 1880.

A vacancy having occurred in the office of medical superintendent of the Danvers State Hospital, Dr. Goldsmith was appointed to it, upon the strong recommendation of his medical and other friends, both in this country and in Great Britain. After being in charge of the Danvers Hospital for about two and one-half years, he offered his resignation, but the trustees persuaded him to withdraw it and accept a year's leave of absence. He spent the year in the study of German and French; the examination of institutions for the insane, and professional study, under Westphal, KrafftEbing, Charcot and others.

Returning from abroad in July, 1884, Dr. Goldsmith resumed the charge of the Danvers Hospital and continued to superintend it with increasing ability and usefulness till he entered upon the duties of superintendent of the Butler Hospital for the Insane, to which he had been elected by the trustees of that institution to fill the vacancy created by the lamented death, a short time before, of their former superintendent, Dr. John W. Sawyer. He entered upon his duties on the first day of February, 1886, and at the time of his death had discharged them with rare professional skill, unremitting assiduity and singular success, for the period of two years and nearly two months.

He died after a brief illness on March 14, 1888, and was buried in his native hamlet, at his own request.

He was a man of great ability, high honor, great moral and physical courage, a diligent student, an admirable administrator and a genuine friend.

Dr. Joshua H. Worthington, whose name was connected with the Frankford Asylum for the Insane, in Philadelphia, for about thirty-five years, was among those earliest interested in the treatment and cure of the insane. He was a firm believer in the importance of mild and gentle treatment as a means of cure, with as much liberty as possible and freedom from unnecessary restraint. He was born at Darlington, Harford County, Maryland, a few miles from Baltimore, in 1817. His father, a physician of large practice in the neighborhood, was desirous that his eldest son should have an education to fit him for future usefulness. In the country school which he attended, within a few miles of his home, he gained a good knowledge of Latin and Greek.

On reaching early manhood he left home and entered Jefferson Medical

College in Philadelphia, from which he graduated in 1837, and being under age it was some time before he received his degree.

An interval followed in which, returning home, he helped his father in the duties of his practice and also perfected himself in one or more additional branches connected with the same. A vacancy occurring among the officers of the Frankford Asylum, he was chosen to fill the place. Here his faithful performance of duties belonging to his position being recognized, he was advanced from time to time till at last he was appointed medical superintendent, which place he honorably and faithfully filled until November 1, 1877, when he resigned. He realized that retirement to private life and freedom from all professional cares would be wisest, as his health had become much impaired.

Dr. Worthington made several visits abroad for health and recreation, at such times visiting institutions for the treatment of insanity and becoming acquainted with medical men interested in this special branch of the profession. The latter years of his life were passed in the peaceful retirement of his home near Baltimore, and later near Philadelphia. He died in 1885.

Judicious in all matters connected with the insane, earnest and eager to advance their interests in every practicable manner, he labored faithfully and steadily to attain what he deemed just and right for those entrusted to his care. He was always pleasant and cheerful in his manner; noble, generous and kind-hearted.

"Dr. Worthington was a member of the orthodox branch of the religious Society of Friends, and his deeply earnest and faithful Christian life bore honoring testimony to the saving and Divine power of that blessed Saviour in whom he so fully trusted."

Dr. Edward R. Chapin was born at Salisbury, Connecticut, in 1821. His mother was early left a widow and, subsequently, married Dr. W. H. Rockwell, for thirty-six years the superintendent of the Vermont Asylum. Young Chapin was a youth of fifteen when he went to Brattleboro at the opening of the asylum there, in 1836. In 1838, he entered the collegiate course at Yale, but was obliged to abandon this after one year, on account of a trouble of his eyes. He became a student of medicine and graduated at the medical department of Yale in 1842. He was appointed assistant physician, the same year, at the Maine Insane Hospital, then superintended by Dr. Ray, which position he held for one year. He was then, for two years, connected with Bellevue Hospital and subsequently, for four or five years, located in practice in New York.

In 1849 or 1850, he went to California as surgeon on a Panama steamer, and remained for two years or more in San Francisco, connected with a city hospital there, during which period he improvised, in connection with the city hospital, some accommodation for the insane, which constituted the first public provision made in that State for this class.

Returning from California he was for a year or two in service as surgeon on Atlantic steamships, and in 1855, entered the specialty again. He filled the position of assistant physician at the Vermont Asylum for three years,

when he was appointed resident physician at the Kings County Lunatic Asylum in 1858, which position he held until 1873, when he resigned, married, and henceforth retired from professional life.

He suffered an attack of pneumonia, in 1871, which he barely survived, convalescence was protracted, and the following winter was spent by him in Europe. After his retirement in 1873, the summer seasons were usually spent in New England, and the winters in the more genial climes of the Southern States or California. In the autumn of 1885, he went abroad with his wife to spend the winter in Torquay. She died in Paris, in June, 1886, after a brief illness when the doctor immediately returned to this country. He remained through the summer and autumn in Brattleboro, but almost immediately upon reaching New York, where he had arranged to spend the winter, was seized with pneumonia which terminated his life in little more than a week.

A number of other gentlemen have been at varying periods members of the Association, active, earnest and devoted. Of several of them no data could be obtained in regard to their history, but only personal recollection can be stated.

Dr. John W. Parker, for many years superintendent of the State Lunatic Asylum at Columbia, S. C., was most earnest in the discharge of all duties; cheerful, courteous in his manner, a high-toned gentleman of the old school, with chivalrous devotion to the true and the good.

Dr. Joseph Workman, for many years superintendent of the Asylum for the Insane, Toronto, Ontario; learned, earnest in all matters relative to the insane and a thorough student, having passed the limit of four-score years, is resting in the calm, dignified retirement of a life well spent in the service of his fellow men.

(He died April 15, 1894, aged 89, after the above was written.)

Dr. George A. Shurtleff, the first superintendent of the Asylum for the Insane at Stockton, California, gave himself with all his energies of mind and heart to the proper provision for and management of those committed to his charge, and labored cheerfully, steadily, and in the face of many trials and annoyances to secure the best for those entrusted to his care, until his own health gave way under the constant strain of public and private troubles.

Dr. Abram M. Shew, after considerable experience as an assistant in one or more hospitals for the insane, gave the whole energies of an active, earnest spirit and a clear mind to the charge of the hospital at Middletown, Conn., until his health failed and, though allowed rest and recreation at different times he never entirely attained the bodily strength which would enable him to carry out the plans he had conceived and hoped to live to execute.

No association of men had a clearer or more definite object in view, or a better mental grasp of the whole subject then before

F

them, than the original thirteen members of the Association.

Liberal in their ideas, philanthropic in their aims and projects and charitable in the broadest sense, they laid strong and deep the foundations on which they proposed to erect a structure which should accommodate within its limits all those for whose welfare they were laboring with an intensity of zeal and energy which knew no limit or abatement.

A simple enumeration of the subjects which engaged their attention during the earlier meetings will better make known their appreciation of the duties, and the amount of labor required to execute them in accordance with the high aim which they had set before them.

These subjects were the moral treatment of the insane; the medical treatment; restraint and restraining apparatus; on the construction of hospitals for the insane; on the jurisprudence of insanity; on the prevention of suicide; on the organization of hospitals for the insane and a manual for attendants; on the statistics of insanity; on the support of the pauper insane; on asylums for idiots and demented; on chapels and chaplains in hospitals for the insane; on post-mortem examination; on the comparative advantages of treatment in hospitals and in private practice; on asylums for colored persons; on provision for insane prisoners; on the causes and prevention of insanity; on the treatment of incurables; on the classification of insanity; on the admission of visitors into the halls of patients; on visits to, and correspondence with patients, by friends; on the comparative value of the different kinds of labor for patients, and the best means of employment in winter; on the proper number of patients for one institution; on the utility of night attendants, and the propriety of not locking the doors of the rooms of patients at night; on the advantages and disadvantages of cottages for wealthy patients, adjacent to the hospitals; on the nature and treatment of insanity produced by intoxicating liquors; under what circumstances can the insane of poorer classes be properly treated with the greatest economy; on the effects upon the insane of the use of tobacco; on reading, recreation and amusement for the ininsane; on the construction and arrangement of institutions for the insane in southern climates.

In a report on moral treatment, strong ground was taken in favor of schools for certain classes of patients, as a means of mental occupation. The strong expression of the opinion of men who be

lieved in and practiced the smallest amount of restraint is contained in this resolution:

Resolved, That it is the unanimous sense of this Convention that the attempt to abandon entirely the use of all means of personal restraint is not sanctioned by the true interests of the insane.

At the meeting in 1848, a resolution was adopted strongly deprecating the selection of medical superintendents of hospitals on political grounds, "as a dangerous departure from that sound rule which should govern every appointing power, of seeking the best men irrespective of every other consideration."

At the meeting in 1851, the propositions on the construction of hospitals for the insane were adopted, after full and free discussion. While they have been classed as "iron bound rules," it may safely be asserted that the principles laid down in those propositions have never yet been disproved; a careful adherence to them would have saved large amounts of money to the community and have caused the erection of buildings which would have been secure from fire, and thus have prevented the loss of life.

The great objection made to the propositions has been that they favored a particular form of building, but that objection derives all its force from the idea that, because the gentleman who wrote those propositions and was a most ardent supporter of them, favored a particular form of building, therefore it was so laid down in the propositions.

A careful reading of them will show that, in the propositions themselves, such a condition is carefully guarded against.

The two propositions which seem to favor a particular form of building read thus: "A large hospital should consist of a main central building with wings;" (14), and "the wings should be so arranged that if rooms are placed on both sides of a corridor, the corridors should be furnished at both ends with movable glazed sashes for the free admission of both light and air." (16)

In regard to the arrangement of the main central building, I am not aware of any real difference of opinion.

A distinct recollection of the discussion on those propositions, so as to avoid all seeming commitment to one particular form, is still vividly impressed on my mind. Men who had strong views as to the particular form in which a hospital should be erected, different from the idea so commonly held as embodied in the propositions,