cal Institution at Pittsfield, Mass., in 1842. He began his professional life as an assistant physician in the Insane Asylum at Columbus, Ohio. On July 1, 1848, he was appointed superintendent of the Indiana Hospital for the Insane, resigning that position on June 1, 1853; and on July 6, 1860, was appointed superintendent of the Hospital for the Insane at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, and resigned on October 1, 1865, and in 1866 he established Bellevue Place at Batavia, Illinois. He was for seven years Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the Chicago Medical College. He died on April 27, 1893.

The profession had great confidence in the ability and faithfulness of Dr. Patterson; the community in which he dwelt for so many years always looked upon him as a man of power and character, and the unfortunates under his charge at once recognized the force which kindliness and understanding combined to produce.

Dr. Horace A. Buttolph was born in the township of Northeast, Dutchess County, New York, on April 6, 1815. When he was but a youth, the family moved to Pennsylvania, but after a few years they returned to Dutchess County, where the son attended school till the age of fourteen, when he became an inmate of the family of a maternal uncle, Dr. Charles McAllister, of South Lee, Berkshire County, Mass. During his residence there he became a pupil in the Stockbridge Academy, where his early education was completed. Later he devoted his time in part to the study of medicine under the direction of his uncle, to teaching school, and in the advanced stage of medical studies to assisting his uncle in his professional duties. He graduated at the Berkshire Medical Institution at Pittsfield, Mass., Dec. 15, 1835, after having attended three full courses of lectures. Early in the year 1837, he located for general practice in Sharon, Litchfield County, Conn., where he resided five years. Toward the close of that term, in 1841-2, as a means of further medical improvement he passed the winter in attending medical lectures in the University of New York.

"I entered upon the duties of an assistant physician, (Dr. Amariah Brigham, Medical Superintendent,) in the State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, New York, at the date of its opening for the admission of patients, on the 16th of January, 1843, where I remained, acting a portion of the time both as assistant and apothecary, until the spring of 1847. During the year 1846, with the view of enlarging my sphere of observation in reference to asylum architecture and management, I visited about twenty of the principal institutions for the insane in Great Britain, France and Germany.

"Having received the appointment of medical superintendent of the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, near Trenton, then in process of erection, I moved to that city in the spring of 1847 to engage in the duties of the office. The building, at the time, was but partially enclosed, and an entire year was required for its completion, and for the arrangement of the various fixtures and the supply of furniture prior to the admission of patients, who were received on the 15th of May, 1848.

"At that period more difficulty was experienced in procuring the best adapted fixtures than at a later date, though it is perhaps worthy of men

tion that the Trenton Asylum was the first under State control to bo warmed by indirect radiation from air chambers heated by steam. Prominent among the sources of embarrassment in this State at that period, and for several years later, was the stringent condition of the State finances, there having existed to date and for some years after a constitutional prohibition against the creation of a State debt exceeding one hundred thousand dollars, united with hesitation and delay in many instances, even in the appropriation of small sums as they were required by the institution at that stage of its existence.

"After some years this state of things was changed, when appropriations were made from the State Treasury to the amount of two and a quarter millions for the establishment of the second institution at Morris Plains.

"As is well known, the asylum buildings at Trenton were very plain with an original capacity for about one hundred and fifty patients. By two extensions, however, in the course of several years, it was made to accommodate six hundred patients and their attendants, while some hundreds more were crowded into it before room was provided for them elsewhere. The period of unbroken service rendered to the State in this institution was twenty-nine years, or from April 1, 1847 to April 1, 1876.

"Some time prior to the close of this engagement I was employed by the State as one of a commission to select a site for another asylum building, and by the aid of an architect, Samuel Sloan of Philadelphia, to prepare plans, estimate of costs, &c., for its erection. The completion of this work, however, was effected by a second commission a few years later, though the plans of building before made, with slight exception, were adopted.

"The capacity of the building as planned was for six hundred patients and their attendants. During the course of its erection, however, it was determined by the commissioners and others to finish a fourth or additional story for the use of patients, thus increasing its capacity to eight hundred. This structure was built of gneiss in broken range work, largely fire-proof and presented in its extent and outline a highly imposing appearance, while its outfit of the various working fixtures, machinery, &c., was equal to the best of those furnished at that period. As the time approached for its completion and use, I was solicited, indeed, urged to take the place of medical superintendent when it was opened, which occurred on the 17th of August, 1876. "Having passed nearly nine years in charge of this institution, I left it on the last day of December, 1884, thus making the period of my service in the two States of New York and New Jersey, forty-two years less sixteen days." It is only just to Dr. Buttolph to say what he has not said of himself, that his retirement from the superintendency of the Asylum at Morris Plains was an enforced one, caused by political intrigue.

Since leaving the asylum, he has been residing at Short Hills, Essex County, N. J., devoting himself to literary work and to whatever he can do for the welfare of the insane, in whom he still feels a lively interest.

Dr. John Fonerden was born in the city of Baltimore, in the year 1802. He commenced the practice of medicine in that city, and in the carlier portion of his professional life devoted himself especially to midwifery, and became in

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his line one of the most popular and most reliable practitioners of the city. He was elected resident physician of the Maryland Hospital in June, 1846, and continued in that position until his death in April, 1869, greatly respected and esteemed by all who knew him.

When

Dr. D. Tilden Brown was born in Boston, Mass., in August, 1822. six years of age his parents moved to New York city, which became his home for the greater part of his life. His academic education was acquired at a celebrated school in Poughkeepsie, and at the Washington Institute. He pursued the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Willard Parker, and graduated at the college of Physicians and Surgeons in 1844. When scarcely twenty-two years of age, he was the senior medical officer of the City Asylum on Blackwell's Island, under the general superintendency of Dr. McClelland who resided at Bellevue Hospital. For one year he was medical assistant in the Vermont Asylum and for a like period in the State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, which latter position he resigned to engage in practice with Dr. Parker.

The health of Dr. Brown compelled him to relinquish the general practice of medicine and induced him to become the agent of several business men who where endeavoring to open a way across Central America for the rush of emigration to California, in 1849. By reason of his familiarity with the Spanish language, he was brought into direct relations with the authorities with whom he had to treat. He explored the several routes which have since become well known, and ultimately negotiated the first treaty for transit across the Isthmus of Nicaragua. His efforts brought fortunes to others but not to himself.

In June, 1852, he assumed the charge of Bloomingdale Asylum, made vacant by the resignation of Dr. Nichols. Dr. Nichols was the successor of Dr. Brown at Utica, and his predecessor and successor at Bloomingdale.

Dr. Brown prepared the plan of the Shepard Asylum at Baltimore. He resigned his position at Bloomingdale in January, 1877, and went abroad for his health. He died in 1890.

As a medico-legal expert he stood in the first ranks. His judicial mind made him an expert in the highest sense of that term. At the request of the court and the contending parties to a suit in which the question of insanity was involved, he examined most voluminous testimony, assured that his conclusion would be accepted. Upon taking the stand at the appointed time, he proceeded to sift and weigh the evidence with such clearness of judgment as to secure the willing assent of the entire audience. The judge, in complimenting the expert from the bench, said it was the most remarkable weighing of evidence he had every witnessed, and in view of the fact that it was done in the exact order in which the testimony was given and without note to refresh the memory, was marvelous.

Dr. Henry M. Harlow was born in Westminster, Vermont, April 19, 1821, and died in Augusta, Maine, on April 5, 1893. After pursuing his academic studies at several academies in Massachusetts and Vermout, and teaching for a time, he attended medical lectures at Harvard Medical School and at

the Berkshire Medical Institution at Pittsfield, Mass., where he graduated. He entered the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, then under Dr. Wm. H. Rockwell, shortly after graduation. In the spring of 1845, upon the resignation of Dr. Isaac Ray, Dr. Harlow was appointed assistant physician of the Maine Insane Hospital, under Dr. James Bates. He ably filled the position of assistant physician until the conflagration which occurred during the winter of 1850, which resulted in destroying almost the entire hospital. Immediately after the fire, the superintendent was instructed by the trustees of the institution to visit the various hospitals in the New England and Middle States, for the purpose of devising improved methods of construction. This procedure left Dr. Harlow as acting superintendent, and, upon the resignation of Dr. Bates which took place a few months subsequently, Dr. Harlow was appointed his successor, which position he held uninterruptedly for thirty years.

For a long period the demands made upon his physical and mental strength were excessive, in devising means and methods in re-building and re-constructing the new institution from its former ashes. Although the labor to be performed was great, yet with unflinching courage, and in the face of many obstacles, he commenced his task. From this period until 1870, the doctor's energies were entirely engrossed in providing for the increased demands for the treatment and care of the insane, in the construction of additional wings, in the introduction of new methods of heating and ventilation, and in the building of rear centre structure and farm buildings. Imbued with indomitable energy,keen perception and a sympathetic nature, he was a man excellently well qualified to care for those bereft of their reason. He was a person possessed of great love for his specialty, was kind yet firm in his discipline, and impressed his patients with the belief that he was seeking their best good, and invariably held the respect and love of the many patients who came under his care.

Dr. John P. Gray was born on August 6, 1825, in Centre County, Penna. He was educated in the common school, in Bellefonte Academy and Dickinson College, and received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1848. After a period of two years' service in the Philadelphia Hospital he was chosen, on account of his qualifications and ability, assistant in the State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, N. Y., and in July, 1854, was elected superintendent.

Accepting unreservedly the view that insanity was a physical disease, the medical care of patients assumed the highest importance; to the strictly medical treatment of insanity he gave special consideration. The moral treatment, by employment, amusement and mental occupation, was early given a prominent place. His labors were always in the direction of progress, both in material improvement and administration, as well as in the treatment of patients.

In accordance with his steady and persistent urging, the Superintendents of the Poor, in 1856, passed resolutions that the State should make ample provision for all its insane, who were not in condition to reside in private families; that none should be cared for in any county poor and almshouse;

that the proper classification demanded for the care of the insane could only be secured in establishments constructed with special view to their treatment; and that the curable and incurable should not be cared for in separate institutions.

He also urged and succeeded in securing the removal of children from the poorhouses to the various orphan asylums, and their support in them at public expense. The separation of the convict and criminal insane from other patients and treatment in an institution constructed with special reference to their isolation and safe keeping, were largely due to Dr. Gray.

He was one of the Commission to locate both the Willard and Buffalo asylums, for the latter of which he furnished the plans, and was one of its board of managers until it was in full operation.

Dr. Gray regarded physical causes only as producing insanity. Insanity a physical disease, due to strictly physical causes, was one of the distinctive features of his belief and teachings.

Dr. Gray was the first in this country to recognize the importance and to introduce special investigation into pathological conditions existing in insanity, and to the Utica Asylum belongs the credit of having the first special pathologist on its official staff.

However great the success and credit Dr. Gray deservedly gained for his labor in the directions already mentioned, it was in the field of medical jurisprudence, as an expert in insanity, that he attained the greatest triumphs of his life.

Dr. Gray also achieved success as a lecturer in insanity. For some years he occupied the chairs of Psychological Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence in the Albany and Bellevue Medical Colleges.

More than any other person, Dr. Gray shaped the lunacy legislation of the State of New York, and it is largely to his influence with the commission appointed to codify and revise the law, that we owe the present lunacy statutes, which surpass in many respects those of Great Britain, upon which they were in part modeled. In matters pertaining to other dependent classes his influence was also felt, as his advice was often sought by the boards of managers having charge of the various charities, reformatories and prisons, by legislators, judges and officials.

Dr. Gray died at Utica, New York, on the 20th day of November, 1886, at the age of sixty-one years. The initiatory cause of his final illness was the result of an attempt made by an insane man to assassinate him, in March, 1882, immediately upon his return from Washington, at the conclusion of the trial of Guiteau for the murder of President Garfield. The bullet passed through his face, under the floor of the nose, paralyzing some of the nerves of the face and mouth, and producing stenosis of the nasal passages, which seriously interfered with his breathing. It also caused a neuralgia from which he was, for a long time, an almost constant sufferer. This injury, with the nervous strain and responsibility of the protracted trial, combined with the continued performance of the duties of his position in the asylum, perceptibly impaired his health and were powerful factors in producing the fatal results. In January, 1886, the board of managers of the Asylum, gave him a leave of absence for six months. A portion of this period