a firm will, perfect self-possession, a social disposition and a kind and generous heart. He was Vice President of the Association from 1848 to the time of his death.

Dr. Pliny Earle was born in Leicester, Mass., Dec. 31, 1809. His early education was secured at the Leicester Academy, then and for many years afterwards, a very famous school. He afterwards went to the Friends' School at Providence, R. I. His medical studies were pursued mainly at the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in medicine in 1837. He then visited Europe and visited many of the asylums for the insane in the different countries of Europe. In 1840, he became Resident Physician of the Friends' Asylum at Frankford, Pennsylvania. This position he held during two years, and in 1844 received the appointment of Medical Superintendent of the Bloomingdale Asylum, in New York. This position he relinquished after five years of service, and went to Europe the second time for further observation and study relating to the treatment of the insane. After his return from his second visit to Europe he was appointed Visiting Physician to the New York Asylum, in 1853, and during this year he delivered his first course of lectures on mental diseases, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. At a later period he was appointed as a Professor of Materia Medica and Psychology in the Berkshire Medical Institute, at Pittsfield, Mass. He appears to have delivered but one course of lectures, and his connection with this institution was terminated by his acceptance of the position of Superintendent of the Lunatic Hospital at Northamton, Mass. This position he held during twenty-two years. This period, which closed in his seventy-sixth year, was filled with some of Dr. Earle's most important work.

Dr. Earle was a man of large individuality, active mind, retentive memory and good judgment. He was able, therefore, to exert a very decided influence upon those who came under his care and those with whom he was associated in his specialty. He was positive in his convictions, and held tenaciously to any course of action he may have once entered upon. He was thoroughly conscientious, and while never aggressive and fond of discussions, yet was always ready to state and defend his views upon all subjects relating to that specialty of medicine to which he had devoted his life. While he was much interested in the general affairs which pertained to the conduct of his hospital, yet he was a diligent reader, and probably during a longer period than any other superintendent in the country, continued to contribute to the literature of insanity. He was diligent, pains-taking and thorough in all his work as a superintendent and physician. Dr. Earle retired from the duties of superintendent at the age of seventy-six, though he continued to occupy apartments in the Hospital, where he died on May 17, 1892.

His deep interest in its welfare and, indeed, in all that pertained to medicine, remained to the last. He was a member of many literary and scientific societies, Vice-President of the Association from 1883 to 1884, and President from 1884 to 1885.

Dr. William M. Aul was born in Harrisburg, Penn., on May 24, 1799, his mother having been a lineal descendant of John Harris, who founded Harrisburg, and the daughter of William Maclay, the first United States Senator from Pennsylvania; and while quite young, the family removed to a farm at a short distance from Sunbury, Penn. When fifteen years of age, he was sent to the academy in Northumberland, kept by Rev. Isaac Grier, and after his death by his son, Robert C. Grier, afterwards Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States; and there he acquired all his preliminary education. He studied medicine with Dr. Samuel Agnew, of Harrisburg, and attended one course of lectures in the session of 1819-20, in the University of Pennsylvania.

In the spring of 1826 he started on foot for Ohio, and settled first at Lancaster, and an important surgical operation there performed gave him his first introduction into practice. After moving several times from place to place, he finally settled in Columbus, Ohio, in 1833. His attention was first called to the care of the insane by a case of violent acute mania, which he was called to treat in Somerset, Ohio.

On January 5, 1835, he attended a convention of medical men of Ohio, which had been called by himself and several others, to take some measures towards the care of the insane and the education of the blind.

A memorial was presented to the Legislature on these subjects, and an appropriation was obtained towards the erection of a hospital for the insane, and Dr. Awl was appointed one of the trustees to build it. He, in company with two others, visited the Eastern and Middle States, to gain information on the subject. The building was completed in 1838, and Dr. Awl resigned as trustee and was appointed superintendent.

He was one of the originators of the Ohio Institution for the Blind, and was always deeply interested in that institution, and was physician of it at the time of his death. He continued in charge of the Lunatic Asylum until 1850, when he was displaced by that system of political appointment which has so unfortunately prevailed in Ohio from that day to this.

He attended the meeting of the Association in Philadelphia, in 1876, and quietly passed away on November 19, 1876, having been a sufferer from a complication of diseases for several years. He was Vice-President of the Association from 1846 to 1848, and President from 1848 to 1851.

Dr. Awl was of a cheerful, lively disposition, with a great fund of natural, genial humor, which made him a very pleasant companion, and united with great tact and sound common sense, served him admirably in dealing with the insane.

Dr. Francis T. Stribling was born January 20, 1810, in the town of Staunton, Virginia, where he received his elementary education, and soon entered the office of his father, who was then clerk of the County of Augusta, in which he remained several years. Having determined to adopt the medical profession, after some preparatory reading under the advice of a distinguished physician of Staunton, he spent a session at the University of Virginia, and in the following year took his degree of doctor of medicine from the University of Pennsylvania.

In 1836, at the carly age of twenty-six years, he was elected by the distinguished gentlemen who then composed the Board of Directors, Physician to the Western Lunatic Asylum. Within a few days after his election, Dr. Stribling went on a tour of observation through the Middle and Northern States, to inspect the best regulated institutions for the insane, and to gather by observation and intercourse with those in charge all the information necessary to guide him in the discharge of his responsible duties. The law regulating the institutions for the insane in Virginia, passed by the Legislature in 1840-41, was really prepared by him. From that time to the commencement of his last illness, he devoted himself assiduously to the enlargement of the capacities of the institution for usefulness. He died July 23, 1874.

Dr. Stribling was of the medium height, with a full, fair face and fine forehead, a cordial, genial manner and a generous, open-hearted expression, which won on those with whom he came into constant association. Never very robust in build or in health, he yet managed, by care and discretion, to accomplish a large amount of work for the insane. To talents of high order, he united unblemished integrity and warm and generous feelings, while in the discharge of his responsible duties, he exhibited inflexible firmness, and such grace and serenity of manner as to win the confidence and affection of all who were brought into association with him.

Dr. John M. Galt was born in Williamsburg, Virginia, on March 19, 1819. He evinced, at a very early age, an ardent love of reading and study, and was remarkable, not only for his acquirements in his studies but also for his ability in all athletic exercises. He eagerly read all the principal authors within his reach, in English, Latin, Greek or French, and was also enthusiastically fond of botany. He graduated in 1838 at William and Mary College and received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1841.

In July, 1841, he was appointed Medical Superintendent of the Eastern Lunatic Asylum at Williamsburg.

Dr. Galt contributed largely during his whole life to magazines on general subjects, in addition to many articles on the subject of insanity. In 1816 he published a work entitled "Treatment of Insanity." He was a great linguist, for with the exception of the Russian and Turkish languages, he required no one to translate for him the tongues of the other nations of Europe. It was his daily habit to read a certain number of pages of Xenophen, Thucydides, or some other standard Greek author. In addition he had turned his attention to the languages of the East and was so good an Oriental that he read the Koran in the original Arabic.

Though singularly temperate in all things, his digestive organization bccame very much undermined and he was for several years subject to attacks of indigestion, occasionally of great violence, the last of which occurred in May, 1862, and terminated in his death on the 18th of that month, after an illness of four days, and he was buried among his forefathers in the Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Dr. Galt had the most youthful expression of any of the members, with a

very full face, medium forehead, large head and pleasant countenance. Ho was of the medium height, rather stoutly built, with a pleasant manner, casy expression and a full flow of words and was the third member of his family who, in regular succession, had had charge of the institution which he then represented.

Dr. Nehemiah Cutter was born in Jaffrey, N. H., on March 30, 1787. Ho graduated at Middlebury College in 1814 and received the degree of M. D. from Yale College in 1817. He commenced practice in Pepperell, Mass,, in 1818. He had charge of an insane person in that year, and about 1822 rcceived insane persons into his family. The number of patients increased so rapidly that he was obliged to make additions to his house and, about 1834, built a new and larger building in addition to those already erected. Ho associated with him at different times several gentlemen, who continued with him for varying periods, until his institution was burned down in May, 1853.

As a patron of education, he contributed largely of his own means for the founding and support of an academy in Pepperell. Self-possessed on all trying occasions, even in temper, social and affable to distinction, he acquired a powerful salutary influence over the minds of his patients. His interest in the public welfare rendered him greatly beloved and his loss was sincerely regretted. He died March 15, 1859.

Dr. Cutter was of the medium height, rather under than above, stoutly built, with a pleasant, benevolent expression of countenance and a mild manner of speaking. Endowed with great energy and determination, when the institution which he had built with great labor and expense was burned, and the work of years swept away in a few hours, he returned to the practice of the branch of medicine he had so steadily and earnestly pursued, with all the ardor and energy of his youth.

Miss D. L. Dix. In the latter part of October, 1844, a lady, Miss D. L. Dix, came to Philadelphia on the mission which had occupied her time and thoughts in other States: to investigate the condition of the insane. After a careful examination of the condition of the insane in the poorhouses of Pennsylvania, she presented a memorial to the Legislature containing a touching appeal for the establishment of a hospital for the insane and her labors were rewarded by the passage of a bill for the construction of a hospital at Harrisburg.

This was, however, only one of a large number which she was instrumental in urging on the legislatures and people of other States to erect for the care and treatment of the insane.

To use the term applied to her by the Scotch, as "The American Invader," she was also instrumental in doing great good to the insane in Scotland and in other parts of Europe.

To enumerate all her efforts for the insane, the prisoners, the feeble-minded and the afflicted of every degree, would require a larger volume than her biographer has given to her whole life.

An acquaintance of more than forty years, and a friendship, almost mater

nal on her part, gave an opportunity to know the plans and projects, the kind disposition, the ardent longing to relieve all who were distressed, troubled or diseased, which actuated her whole life and was the inspiring element in all her work.

Educated in the best schools of her native New England, imbued with deep religious feeling, tenderly alive to all the kindliest sympathies for the afflicted and suffering of every class and condition, animated by a high sense of right and duty, controlled by strong common sense, Miss Dix was admirably endowed for the noble work in which she spent her life. Endued with great moral and physical courage, she was calm and self-possessed in scenes and circumstances where many a sturdier nature would have been startled. Resolute in purpose and in her convictions of truth and justice, she perservered in the face of difficulties and obstacles at which others would have recoiled, and rarely failed in what she undertook, for the reason that right and justice guided her aim and actions.

For more than forty years of the latter part of her life, the greater portion of her time, her thoughts and energies were given to the amelioration of the condition of the insane. In the prosecution of this work she traveled over a number of the States, in whatever mode of conveyance she could find, visiting the poorhouses in every section, looking carefully into the manner in which the insane were treated, and wrote memorials to the legislatures of several States, detailing what she had seen, and urging them to adopt the proper mode of relief by the erection of hospitals for their care and treatment. She spent weeks, and often months, at the seat of the government of the State, seeking by personal converse with the members and with the committees specially charged with the appropriation of money, to influence them to take action which she deemed so necessary for the welfare of the insane. The number of hospitals which she was thus instrumental in establishing cannot now be certainly known, from her reluctance to state matters bearing directly on her own labors, but it must have been about fifteen. After the institutions were established her interest did not abate, but her visits were frequent and she advised and counseled with the superintendents, encouraging them and aiding them in every way in her power; correcting false impressions in the minds of persons she met in the community, and in every way striving to interest all in the care and treatment of the insane.

Her efforts were not confined to the United States alone, but the following extract from a notice by Dr. D. Hack Tuke will show what she did in Scotland:

"Miss Dix's philanthropic labors were not confined to the States. She was interested in the asylums in Canada, and at one period was painfully impressed with their bad condition. Again, every one who knows the history of the reform in lunacy in Scotland, knows that her visit to that country in 1855, her exposure of the dreadful state of things she discovered and her vigorous onslought on the authorites who supported them, led to a complete revolution in the care and treatment of pauper lunatics. Those who heard from her own lips the stirring incidents of that raid upon Scotland after her return to England, and her interview with the Home Secretary only a few