of the profession by the occurrence of several cases of insanity in his own practice and in that of his professional brethren, whose adviser he was. Tho difficulty of managing these cases in their private practice led Dr. Woodward and his particular friend, Dr. Eli Todd, to take the first step towards the establishment of the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, and he took credit to himself in having secured for it its present delightful location. He was appointed Superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital at Worcester, Mass., in September, 1832, went to Worcester in December following, and moved into the Hospital as soon as rooms could be finished and furnished for the reception of his family. He retired on June 30th, 1846, on account of failing health, and moved to Northampton, Mass., where he died quite suddenly on the evening of January 3d, 1850,

His personal appearance was commanding and his carriage truly majestic. His hair was almost white, and with a bright, animated expression of counte nance and large, handsome features, he made a strong impression by his earnest manner. His stature was six feet, two and a half inches, and without the deformity of obesity, his weight was about two hundred and sixty pounds. He was erect, and though full in figure, his motions were quick and graceful. Although very civil and accessible to all, he seemed born to command. Dignity and ever-enduring cheerfulness sat upon his countenance and betokened the serenity and happy state of the feeling within. Of an ardent, enthusiastic temperament, he exerted by his conversation and writings a wonderful influence on the community in which he lived, and he employed his full powers for many years, for the benefit of the insane, by endeavoring to interest all within the reach of his influence to labor for them.

Samuel White was born in Connecticut on Feb. 23, 1777. He commenced his professional career at Hudson, N. Y., in 1797.

Owing to the occurrence of insanity in his own family, by which his domestic enjoyment was interrupted, he was led to pay much attention to mental disorders, and in 1830 he established a private institution at Hudson, N. Y., which he successfully conducted. In 1840 he was elected President of the New York Medical Society, and delivered an address on insanity which presented one of the best synopses of our knowledge of insanity, especially of its treatment, which has ever been published. His health began to fail shortly after the meeting of the Association, and he died at Hudson, N. Y., on February 10, 1845.

He was tall, though slender, his countenance grave and dignified, yet ho was of a social disposition and a man of pleasing address. Within a moro limited sphere he discharged the various duties of a long and active professional life with ability, and in a truly Christian spirit. With iron gray hair and a sober, calm and thoughtful expression, he gave the impression of a man of carnest character, and of thoughtful, studious habits.

Thomas Story Kirkbride, a native of Pennsylvania, of the old stock which came over with William Penn, was born July 31, 1809, and received an education in the schools of his native county of Bucks, and in the schools of Trenton, N. J. He graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1832, and soon after was elected Resident

Physician of the Friends' Asylum for the Insane at Frankford, Philadelphia, where he remained one year, and then served two years as Resident Physician of the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, where he had renewed opportunities of studying the treatment of the insane.

After being in private practice a few years in Philadelphia, he was elected Superintendent and Physician-in-Chief of the Department for the Insane of the Pennsylvania Hospital in October, 1840, and opened that institution for the reception of patients on January 1, 1841, and all the insane in the Pennsylvania Hospital in the city were transferred to the new institution in the course of the month of January. Having accepted the position with the expectation of "developing new forms of management, in fact giving a new character to the care of the insane," he gave himself, mind and heart, to the duties of his position, and his zeal and enthusiasm for the welfare of the insane never slackened so long as life endured.

In the earlier years of the institution, great attention was given to laying out, adorning, and the careful improvement of the grounds within the enclosure, embracing forty-one acres of land, so that ample walks for exercise, pleasant drives and cheerful views and surroundings might divert from morbid fancies to more healthful ideas.

The attention given to these matters was the relaxation from more exacting and imperative duties, and gave that degree of out-door exercise which one, in the delicate physical condition and feeble digestion which troubled him at that time, so much required to give tone and vigor to his whole system.

Great as was the interest he took in directing the building and improvements of the place and great as was his ability in these respects, it was within the wards that he found his chief delight, and there also that the strength and the graces of his nature showed themselves more clearly. To trace out and understand the wonderful influence which he had over his patients, and how he induced them to adopt most readily the plans which he believed would surely advance their restoration and add to their comfort, can best be done by considering his wonderful patience and his devotion to everything which had a bearing on their welfare, and the sincerity which they felt sure directed every thought and movement. His thoughtful nature was always looking forward to what could be made most steadily and certainly available for their pleasure, and for the promotion of their mental and physical health. Until the erection of the Department for Males, he made it a rule to see all the patients under his charge in the morning, and if anything prevented that visit, he was sure to take an opportunity in the course of the after part of the day, to attend to what he considered a most imperative duty. That visit was not a mere perfunctory duty, but he always took occasion to inquire particularly into the wants and feelings of the individual, hear all he had to say, give advice, soothe, cheer or so impress the person with his interest in him, and his carnest desire to benefit him, that he felt in every respect, for the time, relieved, and looked longingly for the return of the same kindly attention. His manner, his address, his patient listening to all complaints and grievances, the gentle tone of his voice and the sympathy which manifested itself in every tone and action, had a wonderful effect on those who were depressed and greatly cast down, as well as on those of an opposite character.

On the orgnization of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, in October, 1844, he was elected Secretary, serving in that capacity for seven years. He was Vice President for seven years and President for eight years. The advancement of the Association in every honorable manner, and the enunciation by it of sound principles on every subject connected with the welfare of the insane was always prominently before his mind, and his zeal in its cause was characterized by a warmth of feeling which found expression whenever its interests were considered, and he never failed to attend its meetings whenever his health would permit: he was absent but eight times from the formation of the Association until his last sickness, and from those meetings he was kept by sickness in his family, his own ill health, or by duties which could not be postponed: and the last message sent by him to the Association, only six months before his death, showed the earnestness and enthusiasm with which he watched all its proceedings: "Present my kindest regards to all the members and express to them my great regret that I cannot be with them in body as I will be in spirit, and my great interest in all their deliberations;" and to the messenger he added this, Let me hear from you all about the meeting."

He early entertained the idea of the separation of the sexes in buildings under the same general management, and this plan was fully developed in the report for 1854. He labored with the greatest assiduity to collect, by private subscription, the money needed for the erection of such a building on the part of the property west of the Hospital then in operation, and so faithfully did he give himself to this work and so zealously was he supported by the Managers of the Hospital that the greater part of the money was subscribed, and the first stone of the new building was laid, on July 7th 1856, and the formal laying of the corner-stone took place on October 1, 1856.

No uncertain sound attended his utterances on all matters pertaining to the welfare, care and treatment of the insane, and the mild and pleasant manner in which his opinions were expressed served to carry conviction to many minds which would have resisted a more dogmatic expression, and added force was given by the evident sincerity and devotion to truth and duty which dictated them. No more positive indication of the confidence reposed in his judgment, and earnestness and the sincerity with which he urged his views, can be looked for, than in the collection of the large amount for the erection of the Department for Males of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the insane; by far the larger portion of that amount having been obtained by his personal efforts in direct application to individuals; and any one who will examine that long list will see the uncommon tact and energy displayed by him in his appeals to all classes and conditions of men.

The building was formally opened for the reception of patients on the twenty-seventh day of October, 1859,

When the Board of Trustees of the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital at Harrisburg was appointed by Govenor William F. Johnston, in 1859, Dr. Kirkbride became one of the Board, and continued in service until 1862. He took an active and energetic part in the organization of that Hospital, and his long experience and thorough knowledge gave him an influence with

his colleagues which he exerted to place that institution in the best possible condition for the promotion of the welfare of its inmates.

His connection with the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, for more than forty years, and the great interest manifested in the design and successful operation of that institution, and the great faithfulness displayed in the very constant attendance at all the meetings of the Managers, from few of which he was absent during the long period of his service, made clear to every one, that next to the Hospital of which he was superintendent, no institution held a higher place in his regard and affection.

Any one wishing to be thoroughly conversant with all the details of construction of hospitals for the insane should read, attentively, his work on the construction and organization of hospitals for the insane. The work will be found most admirable for the clearness of its statements on the different points; most thorough in its elaboration of details; and bearing in every line the impress of a clear head, sound judgment and most intimate acquaintance with everything which can have a bearing on the promotion of the restoration, comfort and welfare of the insane, directed and guided by that earnest conscientiousness which was such a prominent trait in his character.

A careful examination of the forty-five reports prepared by him during the long period of his superintendency, will make clear the thoroughness and fidelity with which he considered all matters pertaining to the care of the insane. Those reports will be found to contain discussions on every matter which was current at the time they were written, and the calm and judicial manner in which each was treated as it arose will impress the reader with the thought that the truth of what was stated was self-evident to the writer's mind, and influenced all his plans and thoughts.

At a very early day he took the position that every institutiou for the insane should be called a Hospital, and it is gratifying to show that at this date that idea is securing an earnest recognition in the minds of the profession and the community.

Deeply imbued with the religious principles of the Society of Friends, in which he had been educated, while placing little value on various externals of the Society, he endeavored, consistently, to carry out the principles laid down by them in all his intercourse with his fellow-men. To a disposition, genial, gentle and kind-hearted, he united great decision and determination of character, and, convinced after careful examination that he was right, he kept steadily on in the course he believed to be correct, not deviating in the least from what he believed to be the true line of duty. Generous and liberalminded, strong in his attachments and friendships, he cherished no feelings of enmity against any, but strove to live in peace and harmony with all; and when others refused to act harmoniously, going on in the line of duty, avoiding contention while adhering strictly to what he believed to be truth and justice. His generous mind revolted at all pretences and attempts to make the worse appear the better reason, and he scorned all deception.

He possessed a wonderful tact in his intercourse with the insane, which, combined with unfailing good nature and honesty of purpose, gave him great power, which he always used to advance their interests in the fullest manner.

Calm and self-possessed in scenes where others were agitated and alarmed, he exercised the happy faculty thus enjoyed with great judgment and discretion, thus evincing in the clearest manner his power to direct and control. No trait of his character was more prominent than his single-hearted devotion to every good word and work, and in this, and in the earnestness and conscientiousness with which his work was performed, he strove to follow the example of Him who always went about doing good.

Dr. Isaac Ray, then in his prime, active, vigorous and earnest in every thought and movement, stood then, as he did through all the remainder of his life, among the first of those who there met. With iron gray hair, and the student stoop of his shoulders, he delighted to gather a small group around him and discuss the different questions which concerned the welfare of the insane, sitting in that peculiar posture so natural to him, with his head bent forward, his legs crossed and his hands crossed or folded together on his lap before him. No one who ever enjoyed these opportunities of hearing him pour forth the richness of a mind well stored with the treasures of literature in general, and of insanity in particular, either as one of a group, or when seated with him in his own parlor, will ever forget the instruction which he then received, and the kindly, fatherly tone and manner he always evinced towards those younger in years and in experience. In whatever position in life he was called to act, his sound judgment and well-matured views always gave him a commanding influence, which he invariably used to promote the welfare of the insane and other afflicted classes.

Dr. Ray was a native of Massachusetts. Born of highly respectable parents, in the town of Beverly, on the sixteenth of January, 1807, he there commenced his carliest education, subsequently entering Phillips Academy at Andover, and afterwards Bowdoin college, where he remained till compelled by ill health to leave his studies, which he had been prosecuting with great assiduity. As soon as his health was sufficiently restored, he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Hart, of Beverly, completing his studies under Dr. Shattuck, a distinguished physician in Boston, and ultimately graduating at the medical department of Harvard University, in 1827. In that year he began the practice of medicine at Portland, Maine, and about two years after, inducements were offered him to leave that city and settle in Eastport, in the same State. It was at this time, while living in Eastport, that Dr. Ray first had his interest excited on the subject of insanity and the treatment of the insane, and especially in reference to matters connected with the branch of medical jurisprudence relating to it. The prevalent views on all these subjects were then far behind what are common at the present day, and led Dr. Ray to prepare a work, "The Jurisprudence of Insanity," since generally recognized as one of the highest authorities in this department of medicolegal knowlege, and quoted alike by alienists, lawyers, and all others interested in the subject, at home and abroad.

No better evidence of its being generally appreciated need be given, than the fact that six editions have been exhausted in this country, while it was a source of grief to Dr. Ray that his condition of health rendered it impossible for him to prepare a seventh, which had been called for by his