with the discharge. There are two possibilities of the law of infection; one is that the material was absorbed through the tissues of the regina and in that way into the blood stream. Another theory, and possibly one that may be strongly favorable, it is possible the germs entered the uterus through the usual openings of the neck of the womb, but that theory I have never been willing to admit was good because we know the neck of the womb is closed during the entire period of young bearing, impervious to air. If the germs of abortion could get in there, I believe the germs of infection could get in as well, so I am not inclined to the belief that the germs enter the regina through the neck of the womb and into the pregnant animal. So we have those three conclusions of the law of infection of the germ. Another theory is that the germ might be in the uterus previous to the period of pregnancy. I think that is possible but the period of incubation of the disease has been so thoroughly established it must be there only in those that lose their young at a very early period.

Member: You said you would keep the animal that had aborted. What is your reason?

Prof. Lyman: You have a certain amount of milk you wish to supply, or have a customer that wants a certain amount of milk, and if you sell a fresh cow, one that you were planning on to assist in your milk supply, you will have to buy another one to keep her place with the result that you will keep that disease around every new cow, whether you buy a stripper, buy her in calf or in flow of milk, one or the other, and in order to be useful to you she has to be bred. If you do not breed her she is valueless to you and the minute you breed her you have gotten the disease again in another animal, consequently you are bringing in new material for that infection continually by selling the old cow and replacing her by another one. Remember, keep the cow and give her proper treatment.

I have not said a word about treatment because I thought that would come up in discussion but if you keep the cow you must give her adequate treatment to eradicate the disease.

Mr. Vanderboom: Don't you think it possible in a year or a year and a half to breed the same cow back with good results We have tried that and with very little treatment I have had good success the second year.

Prof. Lyman: Yes that is certainly possible.

Mr. Wilsey: What treatment do you use, Mr. Lyman?

Prof. Lyman: The college is undertaking, through its bacteriology department, which is one of the divisions of the veterinary as well as agricultural, to note the value of a certain line of treatment, about which they will inform you by correspondence. I am of the general practicioner plan and I will suggest a little outline of treatment from that view point.

In order to properly cope with this disease, it becomes necessary to use something in the way of a germ killer. We consider in medicine a line of drugs which are known as antiseptic,-anti against and septic infection. We cannot, however, give an animal an antiseptic that is strong enough to immediately kill the germ that is within her body unless we give the animal an antiseptic so strong as to injure that animal. Antiseptics that will immediately kill will irritate and produce inflama

tion of the passages that we are attempting to kill the germs in, consequently we must get something that will not irritate the animal and at the same time something that will weaken the strength of that organism so it ceases, after a while, to become very active and organisms grow by multiplication, one makes two, two makes four, four eight, and so on, we are treating them so they cease to multiply. While we do not immediately kill the organism in the regina and uterus at the time of abortion, we give a continued antiseptic so as to weaken those that are there and keep at them until they have passed their period of existence and there is no fresh supply. My method has been to divide a herd, depending upon its size, in about three parts. This method I have pursued in fourteen years practice before I took up college work. One part consisted of animals that were within two or three weeks of births and included animals that had just come in; a second group consisted of animals that had been pregnant at least one month and from one to three months; the third group consisted of animals pregnant from five to seven or eight months. That made three groups. This is the method I used. In the first group, the cows that were about to come in and had just come in, the first actual signs they were found to begin to spring, it was my practice to recommend the syringing or cleaning of the regina and birth passages as far as could be done from the outside. I had the owner of the animals get a four ounce rubber syringe that had on it a long nozzle or stem, long enough to reach well into the regina. About the time that the animal would begin to spring I would suggest that those animals be injected once a day for three or four days, and if there were still signs of the springing I would continue it. At the time of birth this same group were invariably cleaned by cleaning the minute the afterbirth was taken away. I do not believe in taking the afterbirth away from a cow sooner than twenty-four hours after she has calfed because the blood vessels are thoroughly open and the minute you begin to take the afterbirth away too quick you are going to have a hemorrhage in that cow. If, and it was generally was the case, the afterbirth hung very well detached it was a difficult task and after the membranes were entirely removed then the uterus was thoroughly syringed. A large veterinary syringe was used for that purpose and a continuous flow of antiseptic was placed in the uterus and allowed to flow out, and this was done only once. Do not do it every day. If you do it every day you have to open up the neck which is trying to contract and get back where it belongs, which will be inside of two or three weeks. That was the first group. Those animals were not touched after that unless a man had plenty of time and he gave them a little syringing after three weeks. I told them not to breed those cows until every sign of discharge was stopped, and the cows were isolated until the discharge was stopped.

The second group was bred about a month and I had the owner give those animals an injection every day for about two weeks and then nothing was done for period, but the other group was taken and they were injected, the other group being the third group which was from five to seven or eight months along, and they were given injections every day for two weeks alternating. The second group included the animals from one month of pregnancy to about five, and they were injected every day for two weeks, and then the other or third group of ani

mals were injected every day for two weeks I went to group No. 2 and gave the treatment for a week, then to group No. 3 and so back and forth taking in the cows which should reach a certain period of young bearing. It will not take a great while to inject ten or a dozen cows under that method. I have practiced that method for a number of years and I have seen the disease eradicated but the sire of the herd must be injected also, and he should be injected before service as well as afterwards.

Member: What antiseptic did you use?

Prof. Lyman: One-half per cent to one per cent of lysol solution. I found it worked effectively, was not irritating, is not poisonous as carbolic acid, and can be obtained at any place.

Mr. Vanderboom: Do you consider crealine or do you prefer carbolic acid?

Prof. Lyman: I do not prefer carbolic acid to crealine. Carbolic acid has a bad odor and lysol has the same, as far as that goes, but at the same time carbolic acid is more poisonous. It is an oily preparation and does not mix well with water, and you do not always get the carbolic acid you want. If you use carbolic acid you must buy it in crystaline form, whereas in the case of lysol as it is a coal tar product, as is carbolic acid, it is easily obtained, will mix well with water, forms the sort of looking water dishes have been washed in. Use soft water, not hard water. The crealine is also oily and does not mix well. I think the other is better all told.

The Chairman: If there are no further questions you wish to ask, I desire to make a few announcements at this time. The meeting tomorrow will be held in the Odd Fellows Hall across the street. This evening the meeting will be held at the Y. M. C. A. auditorium. We expect an excellent program this evening, especially for those interested in milk. Tomorrow evening is devoted to a social time, and tickets will be sold for fifty cents. These tickets admit the holder to the theater from 8 until 10 p. m., and from the theater we will go to the dining room of the Wenonah Hotel.

The next subject on the program is something I can hardly tell you much about. The gentleman introduces himself; he is from among the Indians and it is hard for us down here to feel that anyone from the Straits of Mackinac will give us pointers on dairying or subjects of that kind. I take pleasure in introducing our vice-president, Mr. Vanderboom, who carries his milk pail with him.

DAIRYING AND DAIRY EQUIPMENT.

MR. F. H. VANDERBOOM, MARQUETTE, MICH.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I assure you it affords me great pleasure to be with you this afternoon and be able to speak to such a bright and intelligent audience, more especially as we have so many bright young ladies with us today. It is hard to get the ladies to attend the meetings and become interested, and I am glad we have some with us today because there is scarcely a man in this country that is a successful dairyman unless he has a wife that is interested in the business. I think more men fail in the dairy business because their wives are not interested than for any other reason. Many men leave the farms because they are not started right, but when a woman is interested there is no question but that her husband can get along and go ahead in the dairy business. We like, therefore, to see the woman attending the dairy meetings.

We have all heard the old adage "Follow you the footprints of the cow and where she lies down there build your city." I say learn you well the habits of the cow and handsome will be the profits therefrom. There are indeed many of us dairying who do not study the cow, while if we follow closely the habits of the cow and work with the cow there is no business in this country that will pay a man as well as for his labor as will a productive cow, remember I said a productive cow, not any

COW.

While we are talking of the dairy subject, I want to say at the outset that the dairy business has grown to such an extent that it stands to day as one of the largest agricultural business in the world. The wheat man and corn man think they have a big business; they tell us that they waste more money, have more crops in one week on a western farm than we Wisconsin people can grow in a year. "True enough," says the Wisconsin man, "that is why it is so hard to get the interest on my money over there." We do not want to waste anything, we want to utilize everything. The dairy business today, the product of the cow, is in value more than double the amount of the wheat and corn crop combined. Just think of it, people, the wealth that is in the little cows that we have. The trouble is we think our business is too small; we do not think enough about it. We think the other fellows have all the business, we just a few cows. If we follow our cows closely, give them an opportunity we will be able to show the world that the dairy business is the important business of the nation today. We figure the farm is the backbone of the country but the real backbone of the country is the dairy farm. The farmer, as he has been spoken of for years back, has been the corn grower and wheat grower, today they are set down as soil robbers that have been fleecing their farms, and many have moved from their farms and started to fleece another farm long before now. The dairy farmer is a soil builder, has always been a soil builder, and as long as he keeps cows he will be a soil builder, and that is what the country is calling for now is soil builders and not soil robbers, so

the dairy business is the most important business in the United States today; all it needs is careful study, careful attention and a little work with it.

DAIRY EQUIPMENT.

The first thing in the way of dairy equipment, so far as I can see, is have a good herd of cattle. The first question is what breed. I do not care what breed; cows that will give milk, produce butter and butterfat, cows that will breed cattle, that will multiply. But we have the dairy breeds; we have the Holstein breed, the biggest milk producers in the world; the Guernsey breed, the finest cows I ever saw, they will not produce as much milk as the Holsteins but they have the cream, they have the color and all those things. One pail of Guernsey milk will color three pails of Holstein milk, make it all look like Jersey milk. I keep the Holstein cows, keep the Guernsey and some Jersey cows. I pay particular attention to the Holsteins and Guernseys; but one thing I advise any farmer to do, whether he keeps Holsteins, Guernseys, Jerseys or Ayershires, is to keep a thoroughbred sire of whatever breed his cows are, and raise his cattle. By doing this you will increase the fertility of your farms and multiply the produce, it makes the dairy feed the farm and the farm feed the dairy. It makes no difference what breed of cattle you have so long as they do a profitable business.

Next is the barn. Don't build a barn and put one window in it, a door in it, and not let in any fresh air. Get a big roomy barn; don't be afraid to build it too large, you will soon fill it up. The most important point in the dairy barn is light and ventilation. You should have at least one window for every three cows in the barn, a reasonable size window. And then for ventilation; don't be too stingy with your ventilation. I do not care whether it is the King system or the Governor Hoard system as long as you get the air. It is all the same to the cow as long as you give her the air.

Another point we find very important in dairy equipment is water. Do not turn your cows out to freeze to death in order to get a drink of water. If we had to get up in the morning and run a mile to get a drink out of the ice, how many of us would get it? The cows must have drinking water and the more they drink the more milk they give. Between each two cows we have water buckets. We have had the same buckets in our barns for sixteen years and have never had any trouble with them yet. If they get sluggish we attach a little hose to a boiler there and everything is cleaned out in five minutes, and it goes along for months without any obstruction whatever. ·

Next of importance in the dairy business in the way of equipment is the crop; something to feed your cows. The main thing we can find to grow in the upper peninsula, up "among the Indians" is corn and then when ready take care of it. Five years ago, when I talked to our people about growing corn, the old farmers said, "You cannot grow yellow corn up in this country." They meant we could not ripen it. Now in the upper peninsula where we live, among the Indians. nothing is supposed to grow; we grow corn that is eleven to fourteen feet high, and we can ripen it in September, and if we grow smaller corn can ripen it by the last of August. All it requires is reasonably early planting and continuous cultivation, and we grow corn so rapidly we can hear it grow.