(b) In carrying out the provisions of this section, the Secretary shall take reasonable precautions to safeguard usual marketings of the United States and to avoid displacing any sales of United States agricultural commodities which the Secretary finds and determines would otherwise be made for cash dollars.

(c) The Secretary shall obtain commitments from purchasers that will prevent resale or transshipment to other countries, or use for other than domestic purposes, of agricultural commodities purchased under this section.

(d) In carrying out this Act, the provisions of sections 102, 103 (a), 103 (d), 103(e), 103(f), 103(j), 103(k), 110, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, and 409 shall be applicable to sales under this section.

SEC. 108. The Commodity Credit Corporation may finance ocean freight charges incurred pursuant to agreements for sales for foreign currencies (other than those providing for conversion to dollars as described in section 103(b) of this Act) entered into hereunder only to the extent that such charges are higher (than would otherwise be the case) by reason of a requirement that the commodities be transported in United States-flag vessels. Such agreements shall require the balance of such charges for transportation in United States vessels to be paid in dollars by the nations or organizations with whom such agreements are entered into.

SEC. 109. (a) Before entering into agreements with developing countries for the sale of United States agricultural commodities on whatever terms, the President shall consider the extent to which the recipient country is undertaking wherever practicable self-help measures to increase per capita production and improve the means for storage and distribution of agricultural commodities, including:

(1) devoting land resources to the production of needed food rather than to the production of nonfood crops-especially nonfood crops in world surplus;

(2) development of the agricultural chemical, farm machinery and equipment, transportation and other necessary industries through private enterprise;

(3) training and instructing farmers in agricultural methods and techniques;

(4) constructing adequate storage facilities;

(5) improving marketing and distribution systems;

(6) creating a favorable environment for private enterprise and investment, both domestic and foreign, and utilizing available technical know-how;

(7) establishing and maintaining Government policies to insure adequate incentives to producers; and

(8) establishing and expanding institutions for adaptive agricultrual research; and

(9) allocating for these purposes sufficient national budgetary and foreign exchange resources (including those supplied by bilateral, multilateral and consortium aid programs) and local currency resources (resulting from loans or grants to recipient governments of the proceeds of local currency sales). (b) Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Act, in agreements with nations not engaged in armed conflict against Communist

forces or against nations with which the United States has no diplomatic relations, not less than 20 per centum of the foreign currencies set aside for purposes other than those in sections 104 (a), (b), (e), and (j) shall be allocated for the self-help measures set forth in this section.

(c) Each agreement entered into under this title shall describe the program which the recipient country is undertaking to improve its production, storage, and distribution of agricultural commodities; and shall provide for termination of such agreement whenever the President finds that such program is not being adequately developed.

SEC. 110. Agreements shall not be entered into under this title during any calendar year which will call for an appropriation to reimburse the Commodity Credit Corporation in an amount in excess or $1,900,000,000, plus any amount by which agreements entered into under this title in prior years have called or will call for appropriations to reimburse the Commodity Credit Corporation in amounts less than authorized for such prior years.

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

(7 U.S.C. 1691) Enacted July 10, 1954, as P.L. 480, 83d Cong., 68 Stat. 459; amended Aug. 26, 1954, P.L. 665, 83d Cong., 68 Stat. 862; amended Apr. 25, 1955, P.L. 27, 84th Cong., 69 Stat. 44; amended Aug. 12, 1955, P.L. 387, 84th Cong., 69 Stat. 721; amended May 28, 1956, P.L. 540, 84th Cong., 70 Stat. 201; amended July 18, 1956, P.L. 726, 84th Cong., 70 Stat. 564; amended Aug. 3, 1956, P.L. 962, 84th Cong., 70 Stat. 988; amended Aug. 13, 1957, P.L. 85-128, 71 Stat. 345, Aug. 14, 1957, P.L. 85-141, 71 Stat. 365, June 30, 1958, P.L. 85-477, 72 Stat. 275; amended Sept. 6, 1958, P.L. 85–931, 72 Stat. 1790; amended July 24, 1959, P.L. 86-108, 73 Stat. 258; amended Sept. 21, 1959; P.L. 86-341, 73 Stat. 607; amended May 4, 1961, P.L. 87-27, 75 Stat. 64; amended Aug. 8, 1961, P.L. 87-128, 75 Stat. 306; amended Sept. 4, 1961, P.L. 87-195, 75 Stat. 463; amended Sept. 27, 1962, P.L. 87-703, 76 Stat. 611; amended Oct. 18, 1962, P.L. 87-839, 76 Stat. 1074; amended Dec. 16, 1963, P.L. 88-205, 77 Stat. 386; amended Oct. 8, 1964, P.L. 88-638, 78 Stat. 1035; amended Nov. 11, 1966, P.L. 89-808, 80 Stat. 1526.

Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961

(P.L. 87-256)

AN ACT To provide for the improvement and strengthening of the international relations of the United States by promoting better mutual understanding among the people of the world through educational and cultural exchanges. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961".

SEC. 101. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE. The purpose of this Act is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development

of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world.

SEC. 102(a) The President is authorized, when he considers that it would strengthen international cooperative relations, to provide, by grant, contract, or otherwise, for

(1) educational exchanges, (i) by financing studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities

(A) of or for American citizens and nationals in foreign countries; and

(B) of or for citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools and institutions of learning located in or outside the United States;

and (ii) by financing visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors;

(2) cultural exchanges, by financing

(i) visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of leaders, experts in fields of specialized knowledge or skill, and other influential or distinguished persons;

(ii) tours in countries abroad by creative and performing artists and athletes from the United States, individually and in groups, representing any field of the arts, sports, or any other form of cultural attainment;

(iii) United States representation in international artistic, dramatic, musical, sports, and other cultural festivals, competitions, meetings, and like exhibitions and assemblies;

(iv) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in nonprofit activities in the United States similar to those described in subparagraphs (ii) and (iii) of this paragraph, when the President determines that such participation is in the national interest.

(3) United States participation in international fairs and expositions abroad, including trade and industrial fairs and other public or private demonstrations of the United States economic accomplishments and cultural attainments.

(b) In furtherance of the purposes of this Act, the President is further authorized to provide for—

(1) interchanges between the United States and other countries of handicrafts, scientific, technical, and scholarly books, books of literature, periodicals, and Government publications, and the reproduction and translation of such writings and the preparation, distribution, and interchange of other educational and research materials, including laboratory and technical equipment for education and research;

(2) establishing and operating in the United States and abroad centers for cultural and technical interchanges to promote better relations and understanding between the United States and other nations through cooperative study, training, and research;

(3) assistance in the establishment, expansion, maintenance, and operation of schools and institutions of learning abroad, founded, operated, or sponsored by citizens or nonprofit institu

tions of the United States, including such schools and institutions serving as demonstration centers for methods and practices employed in the United States;

(4) fostering and supporting American studies in foreign countries through professorships, lectureships, institutes, seminars, and courses in such subjects as American history, government, economics, language, and literature, and other subjects related to American civilization and culture, including financing the attendance at such studies by persons from other countries; (5) promoting and supporting medical; scientific, cultural, and educational research and development;

(6) promoting modern foreign language training and area studies in United States schools, colleges, and universities by supporting visits and study in foreign countries by teachers and prospective teachers in such schools, colleges, and univeristies for the purpose of improving their skill in languages and their knowledge of the culture of the people of these countries, and by financing visits by teachers from those countries to the United States for the purpose of participating in foreign language training and area studies in Unietd States schools, colleges, and universities; (7) United States representation at international nongovernmental educational, scientific, and technical meetings;

(8) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in educational, scientific, and technical meetings held under American auspices in or outside the United States;

(9) encouraging independent research into the problems of educational and cultural exchange; and

(10) promoting studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities of citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools, colleges, and universities located in the United States by making available to citizens and nationals of less developed friendly foreign countries for exchange for currencies of their respective countries (other than excess foreign currencies), at United States embassies, United States dollars in such amounts as may be necessary to enable such foreign citizen's or nationals who are coming temporarily to the United States as students, trainees, teachers, instructors, or professors to meet expenses of the kind described in section 104(e) (1) of this Act.

SEC. 103. (a) The President is authorized to enter into agreements with foreign governments and international organizations, in furtherance of the purposes of this Act. In such agreements the President is authorized, when he deems it in the public interest, to seek the agreement of the other governments concerned to cooperate and assist, including making use of funds placed in special accounts pursuant to agreements concluded in accordance with section 115 (b) (6) of the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, or any similar agreements, in providing for the activities authorized in section 102, and particularly those authorized in subsection 102(a) (1), of this Act with respect to the expenses of international transportation of their own citizens and nationals and of activities in furtherance of the purposes of this Act carried on within the borders of such other nations.

(b) Such agreements may also provide for the creation or continuation of binational or multinational educational and cultural foundations and commissions for the purpose of administering programs in furtherance of the purposes of this Act.

(c) In such agreements with international organizations, the President may provide for equitable United States participation in and support for, including a reasonable share of the cost of, educational and cultural programs to be administered by such organizations.

SEC. 104(a) The President may delegate, to such officers of the Government as he determines to be appropriate, any of the powers conferred upon him by this Act to the extent that he finds such delegation to be in the interest of the purposes expressed in this Act and the efficient administration of the programs undertaken pursuant to this Act: Provided, That where the President has delegated any of such powers to any officer, before the President implements any proposal for the delegation of any of such powers to another officer, that proposal shall be submitted to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and thereafter a period of not less than sixty days shall have elapsed while Congress is in session. In computing such sixty days, there shall be excluded the days on which either House is not in session because of an adjournment of more than three days.

(b) The President is authorized to employ such other personnel as he deems necessary to carry out the provisions and purposes of this Act, and of such personnel not to exceed ten may be compensated without regard to the provisions of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended, and of these not to exceed five may be compensated at a rate in excess of the highest rate of grade 18 of the general schedule established by such Act. Such positions shall be in addition to the number authorized by section 505 of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended.

(c) For the purpose of performing functions under this Act outside the United States, including participation in binational or multinational foundations or commissions, the Secretary of State may employ or assign or authorize the employment or assignment for the duration of operations under this Act of persons in or to the Foreign Service Reserve or Foreign Service Staff and alien clerks and employees in accordance with applicable provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 801).

(d) For the purpose of performing functions under this Act outside the United States, the President is authorized to provide that any person employed or assigned by a United States Government agency shall be entitled, except to the extent that the President may specify otherwise in cases in which the period of employment or assignment exceeds thirty months, to the same benefits as are provided by section 528 of the Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended (22 U.S.C. 928), for persons appointed to the Foreign Service Reserve and, except for policymaking officials, the provisions of section 1005 of the Foreign Service Act of 1949, as amended (22 U.S.C. 807), shall apply in the case of such persons.

(e) (1) In providing for the activities and interchanges authorized by section 102 of this Act, grants may be made to or for individuals, either directly or through foundations or educational or other institu

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