TABLE XVIII.-APPEALS FROM DECISIONS UNDER IMMIGRATION LAWS, AND APPLICATIONS FOR ADMISSION UNDER BOND, FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1908, BY

Chart 1 (facing this page) shows the yearly immigration from the principal countries from 1820 to the present year. The proportions from each country for the entire period are as follows: United Kingdom, 29 per cent; Germany, 20 per cent; Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), 7 per cent; Italy, 10 per cent; Austria-Hungary, 10 per cent; Russia, 8 per cent; France, 2 per cent; Switzerland, 1 per cent; countries not specified, 10 per cent.

It will be seen by reference to the chart that until very recent times immigration was almost entirely from the Teutonic and Celtic countries of northern and western Europe, principally Germany and the United Kingdom. Although no immigration statistics were collected, it is known that previous to 1820 the people who came to this country were also from northern and western Europe. Thus, the great mass of our population is of Teutonic and Celtic origin, with a considerably greater proportion of the former. However, a change in the source of immigration, it will be seen, commenced about 1882, and has assumed enormous proportions during the past nine years, until now 66 per cent of our immigration comes from the Slavic and Iberic countries of southern and eastern Europe, 513,763 having arrived from those countries during the past year.

083,948.

Chart 2 (facing p. 158) shows the wave of immigration into the United States from the various countries since 1820. It is interesting to note the successive periodical increases, receding less each time, coincident with the periods of financial depression, only to reach a greater height with the next ascending wave, passing a million and a quarter, the highest point in history, during the year 1907, and again dropping back this year. Thus, the three periods of depression following 1857, 1873, and 1893 stand out prominently, and even the recent slight financial disturbance has made a marked impression. This periodical rise and fall well represent the relative prosperity of the country, while the gradual average increase from decade to decade may be taken as an index of the country's development and growth and its capacity to employ larger quantities of the alien element.

Tables XIX to XXV, inclusive, furnish certain interesting details with regard to emigrant aliens who have departed from this country during the fiscal year, as shown by Table I A, giving comparisons between the inward and the outward alien movement. As nearly as the subject lends itself to the balancing of figures, these tables should be compared with those covering immigrant aliens admitted to the United States, as follows: Table XIX with Table III; XX with V; XXI with VI; XXII with VII; XXIII with VIII; XXIV with IX, and XXV with XIV. In commenting upon each one of said tables, therefore, a few comparisons are made between the figures concerning emigrants and immigrants. It should be carefully borne in mind, however, that the deductions drawn from these comparisons apply strictly to the year under consideration and can not properly be taken as a basis upon which to calculate even approximate comparisons for preceding years, or approximate forecasts for future years; for the same reasons which during the year have operated to reduce immigration have operated with equal or perhaps greater force to increase emigration; in other words, the reduced chances of obtaining remunerative employment in this country have induced many, finding themselves out of work, to return to their native lands where living is much cheaper.

Table XIX (p. 161) shows that of the 395,073 emigrant aliens, 342,883, or about 86.8 per cent, were males and 52,190, or 13.2 per cent, were females, as compared with 506,912, or 64.7 per cent, males and 275,958, or 35.3 per cent, females constituting the 782,870 immigrant aliens shown by Table III (p. 110); that of said total number of emigrants, 14,011, or 3.5 per cent, were under 14 years of age, 345,920, or 87.5 per cent, ranged from 14 to 44, and 35,142, or about 9 per cent, were 45 or over, as compared with 112,148, or 14.3 per cent, 630,671, or 80.5 per cent, and 40,051, or 5.2 per cent, of those respective classes of immigrants shown in Table III. It is interesting also to note from Table XIX the effect a more or less extended period of residence has upon people who come here, said table showing that of the total number of emigrants recorded for the year, 323,144 had lived here five years or less, 60,372 from five to ten years, 5,583 ten to fifteen years, 3,316 fifteen to twenty years, and 2,658 over twenty years.

As Table XX (p. 162) divides emigrant aliens into races or peoples and segregates those divisions by country of intended future residence, it is an easy matter to compare the fig for any particular race and any particular country of future residence with Table V (p. 119), showing by races or peoples countries of last permanent residence, and to strike a balance. Taking, for illustration, the first country listed in the first column of each of the two tables, AustriaHungary, it will be seen that during the year a total of 130,197 emigrant aliens, composed of the various races enumerated, departed from the United States with the avowed intention of entering AustriaHungary, and that 168,509 immigrant aliens, divided in varying degree among the several races, entered the United States dur ing said period giving their last place of residence as AustriaHungary; therefore the year's balance in favor of the United States is 38,312.

Table XXI (p. 166), which compares with Table VI (p. 122), segregates the emigrant aliens into males and females and makes it possible to readily ascertain the ratio the number of each sex departing bears to the number entering, to or from, respectively, the countries listed.

Table XXII (p. 167), like its opposite, Table VII (p. 123), is of peculiar interest to those who seek information respecting the localities in which aliens settle in this country; therefore should be studied in connection with the report of the Chief of the Division of Information (p. 269), and might also be compared with the comments already given (p. 105) concerning Table VII, especially as the largest totals with respect to emigrants apply to the same sections of the country as those relating to immigrants-New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, New Jersey, and Massachusetts showing the largest number of emigrants in the order stated, which is the same as that shown regarding immigrants, except that the two last-named States are reversed.

Table XXIII (p. 170) may be found interesting to those in search of information with respect to the effect of emigration upon different trades or occupations, just as Table VIII (p. 126) is on the side of immigration. The two tables are so arranged that comparisons can readily be made and a determination reached as to the effect of immigration and emigration on any particular occupation during the past year.

Table XXIV (p. 176), like its counterpart, Table IX (p. 132), may be found valuable by those studying the effect of immigration and emigration on different occupations in various sections of the country, and in the latter respect may also be useful to those studying the matter of a proper distribution of aliens covered by the report of the Chief of the Division of Information, already alluded to.

Table XXV (p. 182) and Table XIV (p. 145), which in a sense is its opposite, cover classes (nonemigrant and nonimmigrant aliens, respectively) which are of no vital interest to the general subject of immigration and emigration, but are important to those engaged in the passenger-carrying business and also add to the amount of work that must be done by immigration officials, as all those coming in, although not immigrants, must be passed upon, and with respect to those going out, although not emigrants, a record must be made in order to possess complete statistics.