On May 16-17, 1907, the Northern Baptist Convention was organized at Washington as the culmination of the movement designed to strengthen the denominational unity and efficiency among Baptists throughout the North. The provisional organization received the general indorsement of conventions and associations. On May 22 the second meeting of the General Baptist Union of the Northern and Southern Baptists convened in connection with the exposition at Jamestown. The annual meeting of the Baptist Young People's Convention of America was held at Spokane, Washington, July 4-8. On November 12-18 the Baptist Congress held its annual session in Baltimore, and discussed the topics, "The Organic Union of Baptists, Free Baptists, and Disciples," and "How Shall the Church Win the Wage Earner?" The Baptist Young People's Union of America on November 27 transferred the publication of its newspaper organ of service and its culture courses to the American Baptist Publication Society, to take effect January 4, 1908.

the year.

During the year the brotherhood idea was generally adopted by the men of the denomination, and November 24 was set aside as Brotherhood Day. Among the State and district happenings the following may be noted: On October 1-3, the Philadelphia Baptist Association, the oldest in the country, celebrated the bicentennial anniversary of its organization. On October 15, the Baptists of Connecticut completed the new fund of over $50,000 to replace lost trust funds of the State Convention. The Pennsylvania Baptists, October 21-24, took the initial steps toward merging the State associations into one effective organization. An important event in the history of the denomination during the year was the assumption of the pastorate of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church of New York City on January 1 by Rev. Charles F. Aked, formerly of Liverpool, England. Missionary work progressed vigorously during The Young Peoples' Forward Movement of January 1, passed under the care jointly of the home and foreign missionary organizations of Northern Baptists, with the leadership of the Secretary. The year witnessed an increase of missionary interest among men through the laymen's missionary movement. City missions also received unusual impetus, and the organization was greatly strengthened. Baptist dele. gates participated in the Missionary Conference at Shanghai, China, April 25 to May 6. At the anniversary of the missionary societies of Northern Baptists at Washington on May 15-21, the plan of affiliation for home and foreign missionary institutions of Baptists and Free Baptists was announced. At the same meeting was observed the seventy-fifth anniversary of the American Baptist Home Missionary Society. On November 11 the administrative work of the American Baptist Union was reorganized. A special mid-year meeting of the Board of Managers of the Convention was held November 20-21 in Boston. Among educational events in the Church was the addition of $2,917,000 to the endowment fund of the University of Chicago by John D. Rockefeller. In February Professor Harry Pratt Judson was elected permanent president of the university. On December 4 the trustees of the Newton Theological Institution voted to supplement the work of the institution by adopting

BAR ASSOCIATION

the Gordon Missionary Training School of Boston, which becomes officially the "Gordon Training School of the Newton Theological Institution."

BAPTISTS, FREE, sometimes called Free Will Baptists. A religious denomination which corresponds in doctrine and practice to the General Baptists of England, but which originated in this country. It was founded in 1780 by Benjamin Randall, who established a church in New Durham, N. H., after he had left the regular Baptist Church because of his disbelief in the doctrine of election. The Free Baptists are strongest in New England, but have considerable strength in the West. In 1907 the membership was approximately 75,000, with 1500 churches and 1250 ministers. During the year $87,000 was raised for foreign and home missions and for educational work. The General Conference met in Cleveland, Ohio, October 1-7. A committee appointed in 1904 to confer with other Christian denominations respecting doctrinal and other grounds of union reported at this conference. Conferences were held with the Baptists, Disciples of Christ, and Congregationalists, and while no definite steps were taken for a union of the last two churches, considerable progress was made in the direction of this ultimate result. A committee was appointed to bring about, if possible, a speedy organic union with the Baptists. The General Conference of Free Baptists transacts all the missionary enterprises of the denomination. The Free Baptists maintains two colleges, Bates College, at Lewiston, Me., and Hillsdale College, at Hillsdale, Mich. Theological seminaries are connected with these institutions. The Morning Star is the official organ of the Church.

at a

BAPTISTS, YOUNG PEOPLE'S UNION fraternal union of all OF AMERICA, a young people's societies in Baptist churches. It was organized in Chicago in July, 1891, thoroughly representative convention called for that purpose. Its first president, Mr. John H. Chapman, continued in office until July, 1907, when he was succeeded by the Rev. E. Y. Mullins, D. D., LL. D., president of the Southern Baptist Thelogical Seminary, Louisville, Ky. The dominant purpose of the Baptist Young People's Union is a broad, fundamental educational work designed to train young people for efficiency in Christian work. headquarters of the organization are in Chicago, 1. The official organs of the movement are two monthly magazines, Service, for the senior department, and Our Junior, for the junior depart ment. These two organs have recently been transferred to the American Baptist Publication Society in Philadelphia. They are continued as the organs of the movement. There were upward of 600,000 members of the organization in 1907. It is an international organization, including all of the provinces of Canada as well as the States of the Union.

The

BAR ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN, was organ. ized in 1878 as an association of the leading lawyers of the United States, who meet annually for the purpose of discussing matters of interest to the profession and to the community at large. Each State is represented by one vicepresident. Membership, about 3100. The thirtieth annual meeting was held at Portland, Me., August 26-28. The annual address was delivered by Judge Alton B. Parker. It reviewed

the legislation of the preceding year in the various States and in Congress. The Rt. Hon. James Bryce, British Ambassador, delivered an address on "The Development of the Common Law." Judge Charles F. Amidon, of North Dakota, read a paper on "The Nation and the Constitution." A paper read by Hon. Charles A. Prouty, of the United States Interstate Commerce Commission, treated "The Fundamental Defect in the Act to Regulate." There were several important reports, among which were those from the following committees: Committee on Insurance Law, Committee on Code of Professional Ethics, Committee on Patent Law, with regard to creation of a Court of Patent Appeals; Committee on Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar, and Committee on Comparative Law. President for 1907-1908, Jacob M. Dickinson; secretary, John Hinkley, 215 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Md.

STATE BAR ASSOCIATIONS. Bar associations are organized in all the States of the Union, and they are in affiliation with the general association. Several important meetings were held by these associations in 1907. Among these were the meeting of the Illinois Bar Association, at which E. M. Shepard, of New York, delivered the annual address, on "Corporate Capitalization and Public Morals"; the meeting of the Maryland Bar Association, at which John S. Wise, of New York, spoke on "Centralization by Construction"; the meeting of the New York Bar Association, at which Hon. Joseph H. Choate delivered a very interesting address on "The English Bar"; the meeting of the Pennsylvania Bar Association, at which Judge George Gray, of Maryland, discussed "The New Federalism"; the meeting of the Washington Bar Association, where addresses were made by Vice-President Fairbanks, James R. Garfield, and others. At the meeting of the New Hampshire Bar Association, Frank S. Black, former Governor of New York, made a remarkable attack on President Roosevelt and his policies.

It

BARBADOS, the most easterly of the West Indian Islands, a colony of Great Britain. has an area of 166 square miles, and a population estimated at 199,542 in 1905. About threefourths of the area of the island is under cultivation. Sugar and cotton are the principal crops, covering 35,000 and 5000 acres respectively. Other products are tobacco, coffee, indigo, and arrowroot. Some 250 boats with 1000 men are engaged in the fisheries, which yield $85,000 annually. Manjak, a variety of bitumen used for fuel, is obtained. The principal imports are textiles, flour, rice, and fish, and the principal exports are sugar, molasses, rum, cotton, and bitumen. In 1906 the foreign trade was distributed as follows:

being elected upon a basis of restricted suffrage. The revenue and expenditure in 1905-06 were £192,291 (£107,982 from customs) and £189,932 respectively. The public debt stood, in 1906, at £416,000.

BARLEY. The barley crop of the United States in 1907 was the second largest barley crop ever produced in this country. As reported by the United States Department of Agriculture, it amounted to 153,597,000 bushels, and was estimated in total value on December 1, 1907, at $102,290,000. The largest crop on record was produced in 1906, when the production reached 178,916,484 bushels. Ever since 1902 the annual yield of the country has been over 130,000,000 bushels. The largest acreage ever recorded was grown in 1907, the area being 6,448,000 acres; but the average yield per acre was only 23.8 bushels, as compared with 28.3 bushels in 1906, when the crop occupied 6,323,757 acres. The principal barley producing States and their yields in 1907 were as follows: California, 30,056,000 bu.; Minnesota, 26,663,000 bu.; South Dakota, 20,125,000 bu., and Wisconsin, 18,423,000 bu. Minnesota led in area with 1,185,000 acres, followed by California, with 1,040,000 acres. Minnesota has grown annually over 1,000,000 acres since 1902, and California since 1901. The average price per bushel December 1, 1907, was 66.6 cents, as compared with 41.5 cents December 1, 1906, and this great difference in price more than offsets the difference in yield for the two years. The total value of the barley crop in 1907 amounted to more than $100,000,000 for the first time in the history of the country. For the five-year period, 1902-1906, barley represents about 3 per cent. of the production by weight of the principal grain crops of the country. The world's barley production in 1907 is estimated at 1,522,000,000 bushels, or about 23,000,000 bushels more than was grown in 1906, and which is also more than was produced in any one year since. 1902. In 1906, the last year for which data were available, at the end of the year Canada produced 50,836,000 bushels, Austria-Hungary 152,384,000 bushels, Germany 142,901,000 bushels, European Russia 304,290,000 bushels, the United Kingdom 69,462,000 bushels, Japan 73,050,000; total, Europe, 910,447,000 bushels; total, Asia, 83,800,000 bushels; Africa, 49,019,000 bushels, and Australasia, 3,001,000

bushels.

For the year ending June 30, 1907, 8,238,842 bushels of barley, valued at $4,556,295, were exported from the United States. This was about one-half the quantity shipped abroad the year before. Most American export barley goes to the United Kingdom, which took 8,720,424 bushels in 1906, while Germany took 3,288,959 bushels, Belgium 2,468,607 bushels, and Holland 2,093,576 bushels. In 1904 the United Kingdom took 8,684,713 bushels out of a total of 10,881,627 bushels exported. The malt shipped from the United States goes mostly to Mexico, that country receiving in 1906 637,054 bushels, out of a total malt export of 881,523 bushels. The high price of malt in 1907 caused a reduction in its use in this country, by a substitution of rice for brewing purposes. Experiment station work with barley during 1907 and the years preceding was limited largely to cultural inves tigations. Winter barley at the Virgina station gave the best yield when sown about September 15. Results at the Wisconsin station have shown that solutions for the eradication of smut stronger than one pint of formaldehyde to 20

BARLEY

gallons of water are likely to injure the germinating power of the grain, especially when exposed to the action of the solution as long a time as twenty-four hours before sowing. In variety tests at this station in 1906, Silver King, Mansbury, and Oderbruck barley gave the best yields, producing over 60 bushels per acre. Fall plowing and drilling gave better results than spring plowing and broadcasting the seed. The Montana station determined that on certain alkali soils of that State the danger limit of barley culture lies above 1% of alkali in the soil, and the California station found, at Tulare, that from 18 to 24 inches of water were required to mature the crop. At the Kansas station barley produced a large fibrous growth of roots in the surface foot of soil similar to the growth produced by oats, and the root growth extended deeper into the soil than the roots of corn.

Considerable attention was being given to the improvement of barley for brewing purposes. In Europe the principal points sought in a brewing barley are color, form, and uniformity of kernel, yield of grain per head, fineness of glumes, high percentage of grain, small number of nodes with long upper internodes, uniform strength in germination, and low protein contents of grain. The protein contents of the grain is being studied very extensively. Reitmair, an Austrian authority, considers weather conditions the greatest factor in determining the protein content, favorable weather conditions tending to reduce it. Experiments conducted by Stoklasa, another Austrian investigator, seem to show that the quality of brewing barley can be improved by supplying potash and phosphoric acid in the fertilizer, especially when the soil is rich in nitrogen compounds or when nitrate of soda is applied. A Swedish experimenter concludes from his work that in malting barley the variety is of minor importance with reference to the protein content, and that this factor depends mostly upon conditions of culture and growth. Remy, the prominent German barley breeder, believes that wet soil varieties may be adapted to dry soils by reducing their water requirements and increasing their capacity of using the natural water supply of the soil. This, he thinks, may be accomplished by selection, with reference to a small plant surface, as compared with plantweight and to a deep root system. His work has shown that varieties may be modified to a high degree by selection without changing the quality of the grain. In Norway the growing period of the crop was found to range from 87 days in the southern to 106 days in the northern part of the country.

BAROTSELAND. See RHODESIA.

BARRETT, JOHN. An American diplomat, who was chosen Director of the Bureau of American Republics in December, 1906. He was born in Grafton, Vt., November 28, 1866, and was educated at Vanderbilt University and at Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1889, having postponed his graduation in order to travel through the Southern States and prepare a series of articles on the aspects of the presidential campaign in the South. Thereafter he went to the West, worked on newspapers in California, and in 1891-94 was associate editor of the Portland (Ore.) Telegram. As American Minister to Siam in 1894-98 he adjusted by arbitration claims aggregating $3,000,000, and he conducted other diplomatic and commercial

investigation in Japan, Korea, and Siberia. He was American Plenipotentiary to the International Conference of American Republics, in Mexico, 1901-02; Commissioner-General of Foreign Affairs at the St. Louis Exposition in 1902-03; American Minister to Argentina in 1903-04, to Panama in 1904-05, and to Colombia from 1905 until his appointment to the Bureau of American Republics.

BARYTES. See MINERAL PRODUCTION.

BASEBALL. In professional baseball the Chicago club of the National League won a world's championship of 1907 by defeating the Detroit club of the American League in five games, 3-3, 3-1, 5-1, 6-1, and 2-0. Chicago won the championship in the National League in both 1906 and 1907. The New York club of the National League won the championship in 1904 and 1905, but fell to second place in 1906, and to fourth in 1907. In the thirty-two years of the league the pennant has been won 8 times by both Chicago and Boston, 4 times by New York, and three times each by Brooklyn, Pittsburg, and Baltimore. In the eight years of the American League the championship was won three times by Chicago, in 1900, 1901, and 1906; twice by Philadelphia, in 1902 and 1905; twice by Boston, in 1903 and 1904, and once by Detroit, in 1907. The records of the National League clubs in 1907 were as follows: Chicago won 107 games and lost 45; Pittsburg won 91 and lost 63; Philadelphia won 83 and lost 64; New York won 82 and lost 71; Brooklyn won 65 and lost 83; Cincinnati won 66 and lost 87; Boston won 58 and lost 90; St. Louis won 52 and lost 101. In the American League Detroit won 92 games and lost 58; Philadelphia won 88 and lost 57; Chicago won 87 and lost 64; Cleveland won 85 and lost 67; New York won 70 and lost 78; St. Louis won 69 and lost 83; Boston won 59 and lost 90; Washington won 49 and lost 102. The total attendance at games of the National League was 2,737,793, and at games of the American League was 3,398,764. The sum of the two totals was higher by 300,000 than the best previous record, that of 1904. Among the colleges, particularly the larger ones, baseball has not shown an advance equal to that made in other athletic sports. For half a dozen years college players have not raised the standard in batting and base-running. In 1907 the playing of the best teams was very uncertain and spasmodic. By a comparison of scores, Princeton made the best showing. Harvard was adjudged second, with Cornell a close contender. ranks fourth, and Pennsylvania fifth. Brown is excluded on the charge of semi-professionalism. The Brown team won every game played. Other colleges deserving mention are Pennsylvania State, Annapolis, West Point, Wesleyan, Williams, Lafayette, Lehigh, Columbia, Georgetown, Virginia, and Dartmouth. Williams, which defeated Michigan, Chicago, and Alabama, affords comparison of Eastern teams with those of the West and South. Princeton defeated Harvard 1-0 and 8-3, Yale 9-7 and 4-3, Pennsylvania 6-0 and 5-1, Dartmouth 10-3, and Columbia 13-1. Princeton was defeated by Wesleyan 0-3. Harvard defeated Amherst 2-0, Williams 3-2, Columbia 2-1, and Yale 2-1 and 7-2; and was beaten by Yale 6-14, by Dartmouth 3-4, by Cornell 0-1, by Brown 0-1, and by Bowdoin 4-5. Yale defeated Wesleyan 6-0, Amherst 7-3, Columbia 9-0, Dartmouth 2-1, and Pennsylvania

Yale

14-1, and was beaten by West Point 4-5, by Cornell 1-2, by Pennsylvania 3-4, and by Williams 1-5, and tied with Brown 2-2. Pennsylvania defeated Georgetown 4-2 and 7-1, Trinity 12-0, and Columbia 2-0 and 3-2, and was beaten by Annapolis 4-5, by Cornell 1-5 and 1-2, by Lafayette 2-10, by Brown 0-6, and by Amherst 4-5. Cornell defeated Columbia 10-3, Annapolis 12-2, and Lafayette 4-2, and was beaten by Columbia 3-4. Illinois defeated Wabash 13-0, Chicago 10-0, 6-5, 3-0, and 8-7, Purdue 9-5, Williams 3-2, Notre Dame 1-0, and Indiana 12-5, and was beaten by Notre Dame 4-6. Michigan defeated Oberlin 6-0 and 10-0, was beaten by Bay City 0-2 and by Notre Dame 4-5, and tied with Williams 0-0.

BASKETBALL. Yale won the championship among the Eastern colleges in 1907. It had an advantage in playing freshmen who were not allowed to participate in the game in other colleges. Pennsylvania and Harvard forfeited two games on account of a disagreement. Yale won 9 games and lost 1. Columbia won 8 and lost 2. Pennsylvania won 6 and lost 4. Harvard won 4 and lost 6. Princeton won 2 and lost 8. Cornell won 1 and lost 9. In other games, Dartmouth defeated Yale, Pennsylvania, and Harvard, and was beaten once by the last, and also by Williams. Williams won the New England championship, losing only 1 game in 18, and also led in the New England League, winning 5 games out of 6. Dartmouth won 4 and lost 2; Brown won 2 and lost 4, and Wesleyan won 1 and lost 5. The Harvard Freshmen beat the Yale Freshmen, 26-22. The Columbia Freshmen beat the Pennsylvania Freshmen, 25-17, and also the Harvard Freshmen, 33-10. In the Western Collegiate League Chicago, Wisconsin, and Minnesota each won 6 games and lost 2. Purdue won 2 and lost 6. Illinois lost 8. After the season Harvard withdrew from the Intercollegiate Basketball Association on account of a ruling of the faculty against the absence of any team for more than three nights during the

season.

BASUTOLAND, a British inland possession in South Africa, enclosed by Cape Colony, Orange River Colony, and Natal, with an area estimated at 10,293 square miles and a population in 1904 of 347,731 natives and 895 whites. Maseru, the capital and largest town, has about 1300 inhabitants (200 whites). There are about 250 schools, with 13,000 pupils, which received in 1906-07 grants in aid amounting to £14,000. A large number of the pupils are in the schools of the French Protestant Mission. There are a few small government schools, including an industrial school. The country is well watered, has a fine climate, and is one of the best grainproducing districts in South Africa. The natives rear large herds of cattle. In 1904 there were 210,000 cattle, 64,000 horses, 14,500 plows, and 1320 wagons. Coal has been found, and there are indications of iron and copper. Basutoland is included in the South African Customs Union (see BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA). The imports and exports in 1906-07 were £242,353 and £185,155 respectively. The trade is mainly with the Cape and Orange River colonies. The imports are chiefly blankets, plows, hardware, and groceries; the exports cattle, horses, grain, and wool. A railway sixteen miles long connects Maseru with the Bloemfontein-Modderpoert line. There are fair roads, and some telegraph and post offices. The territory is governed by a Resident-Com

missioner, who was in 1907 H. C. Sloley, under the direction of the High Commissioner for South Africa. Civil suits between natives are tried by the native chiefs, with the right of appeal to magistrates' courts, in which cases between natives and Europeans are tried. The revenue is derived mainly from the hut tax, which is £1 per hut, post office, licenses, and customs; in 1903 the hut tax was paid on 603,561 huts. For 1906-07 the revenue was £111,903, and the expenditure £108,832. European settlement and colonization is prohibited.

BATHS, MUNICIPAL. The number of cities in the United States having all-the-year municipal baths in 1907 was much smaller than the number in Great Britain, and the United States was making relatively slow progress in establishing new ones. According to U. S. Census figures published in 1907 (Special Bulletin, “Statistics of Cities Having a Population of Over 300,000: 1905"), only 20 of the 154 largest cities in the country had municipal baths open during all the year of 1905, and most of those had baths in connection with gymnasiums only. Of cities with independent all-the-year baths, Boston reported 7; Baltimore, 3; Cleveland, 1; Newark, N. J., 3; Rochester, N. Y., 1, or 15 public baths in 5 cities, each having a population of 182,000 or over in 1905. But New York had 17 gymnasiums with baths, and Boston had Ocean or river baths and swimming pools were reported by a number of cities. Besides the bulletin just mentioned, which contains statistics of the number of bath-houses and other bathing places, number of bathers, and expenses of bathing establishments, consult "Public Baths in the United States," by G. W. W. Hanger (Bulletin U. S. Bureau of Labor, Sept., 1904), for historical, descriptive, and statistical facts and for illustrations; also, for general treatises, Alfred W. S. Cross, Public Baths and WashHouses (London, 1906).

6.

BATTLESHIPS. The Dreadnought of the British Navy, completed in 1906, represented at of battleship for all navies, though not all gave the close of the year 1907 the standard type full adhesion to the idea that the main battery should consist of guns of a uniform calibre of twelve inches (see GUNS, NAVAL); and the battery plans of the battleships under construction at that time were extremely diverse, as may be seen by the accompanying diagrams. It was not certain that the three-gun turrets of the Ersatz-Sachsen class would actually be installed. The inconveniences connected with the ammuni

MICHIGAN SOUTH CAROLINA

tion supply, weight, rotating effect of outer guns, and other difficulties and disadvantages were being carefully examined. The latest class of British battleships (St. Vincent and sister vessels), for which designs were completed in 1907, were said to differ from previous designs, in having all their turrets on the middle line, like those of the Delaware and North Dakota. In all these ships the ram was omitted. had been a useless incumbrance, more dangerous to friend than to foe, and adopted as the lesson taught by the battle of Lissa. A careful exam

It