Senators are COMMUNICATIONS. The government is encour. aging by means of grants in money and land the rapid construction of railroads, which had in 1905 a length of 1146 miles, of which 844 were worked by the Peruvian Corporation, which manages all the property turned over in liquidation of the national debt. The length of government telegraph lines was 2560 miles in 1906, and of the Peruvian Corporation, 1180 miles. The number of post offices in the same year was 423. GOVERNMENT. The President of the republic is elected directly for four years, and cannot serve during two consecutive terms. There are two vice-presidents, elected in the same way. The legislative power is vested in a Senate of 48 members and a Chamber of Deputies of 108 members, both elected directly. elected by departments, the number varying from one to four, according to the number of provinces in the department. The deputies are elected by provinces in the proportion of one for every 30,000 inhabitants or major fraction thereof. The President appoints the members of the Cabinet, who serve during his pleasure, but whose signature is necessary to give validity to his acts. The members of the Supreme Court are elected by Congress from a list submitted by the President. For administrative purposes the country is divided into 17 departments and 2 provinces (Callao and Moquegua). The departments are subdivided into provinces, and the provinces into districts. Departments and prov'inces are administered by prefects and subprefects. FINANCE AND MONEY. The revenue is derived mainly from customs, taxes on alcohol, tobacco, opium, and stamps, and the salt monopoly. The administration of the internal revenue taxes and of the salt monopoly has been farmed to com panies. The budget estimates of revenue and expenditure for 1906 balanced at £2.506,386, the actual receipts being £2.555,463. For 1907 the budget estimates balanced at £2.679.266, and for 1908 at £2,866,156. The foreign debt amounted in 1889 to nearly £23,000,000, but no interest There has been paid on it for several years. is an internal interest-bearing debt of £2,660,000. During 1906 bond issues amounted to £3,554,595, of which £1,416,245 were in bonds of the public debt, and £2,138,350 were outstanding. The money system is based on the English pound and its decimal subdivisions. The libra, or pound, is the equivalent of the sovereign ($4.8661). The sol is one-tenth of the libra, and the centavo is one-hundredth part of a sol. Gold coins are the libra, half-libra (5-sol piece), and 2-sol piece. Silver coins are the sol and its subdivisions. Bronze coins are 1- and 2-centavo pieces. During the year ending June 30, 1907, the coinage of gold pieces amounted to £149,201, and of fractional silver coins, 149.322 sols. HISTORY. The year 1907 was the second in the administration of President Pardo, and also saw the continuance of the cabinet appointed in 1904. The government likewise continued the negotiations with Brazil concerning the boundary in the Yavari River region, the mixed BolivianBrazilian Commission, which was appointed to study the upper sections of the Yurúa and Purús rivers, having finished their report. There was also a modus vivendi established with Colombia by the pact of Bogota of September 12, 1905. The Tacna and Arica questions finally received the careful attention of the govern ment. PETKOFF, DIMITRI. A Bulgarian statesman, who was shot and instantly killed by an assassin at Sofia, on March 11, 1907. He was born in the village of Batchkovo, near Tulcha, in the Dobrudja, and early became interested in the cause of Bulgarian emancipation. He fought with the Bulgarian volunteers in the RussoTurkish War, and lost an arm during one of the engagements in the Shipka Pass. Afterward, the rebuilding of that city. as mayor of Sofia, he displayed great energy in president of the National Assembly, and toward He then became the close of the Stambuloff administration (1887-94) he was a member of that ministry. After the resignation of Stambuloff, Petkoff withdrew from public life and for several years deStambuloff when the latter was assassinated voted himself to journalism. He was with (July 15, 1895), and was slightly wounded by the ex-Premier's assailants. In 1903 he became Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Gen eral Petroff, and upon the latter's resignation, on November 5, 1906, Petkoff formed a new ministry, in which he took the portfolio of Minister of the Interior, in addition to the premiership, both of which offices he was holding at the time of his death. PETROGRAPHY. See GEOLOGY. PETROLEUM. The production of petroleum in the United States during 1907 was estimated at 165,877,906 barrels (each of 42 gallons), valued at $118,408,407, as compared with 131,771,505 barrels in 1906, valued at $80,277,279, show. ing an increase of 34,106,441 barrels in quantity and $38,131,128 in value. The remarkable development of the petroleum industry in the past few years is shown in the table on page 615, which gives the statistics of annual produc tion during the period 1902 to 1907, inclusive, classified by fields or States. These figures bring to notice the fact that the annual output for 1907 is almost double that of 1902. The features of special interest during 1907 are: (1) The enormous increase in the quantity produced in Illinois, in the mid-continental field (Kansas, Indian Territory, and Oklahoma), and in California; (2) the gradual decrease in Colorado, in the Gulf field (Texas and Louisiana), and in Pennsylvania, and (3) the striking decrease in the output of the Lima field (Indiana and Ohio). Among the most important recent discoveries is the Glenn pool, near Tulsa, Okla., which developed an initial capacity from a number of wells exceeding 3000 barrels daily output. Many other districts in the mid-continental field were exploited and developed dur ing the early part of 1907, but official requirements from the Secretary of the Interior regarding royalties, leases, etc., issued in October, practically held up this important work. See STANDARD OIL. PETTIBONE, G. W. See IDAHO; ORCHARD, HARRY. (a) Included in Pennsylvania. 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 (d) Barrels Barrels Barrels Barrels Barrels Barrels 13,973,500 24,337,828 28,476,025 35,671,000) 30,538,000 40,000,000 396,901 483,925 501,763) (e) 550,000 600,000 (e) 350,000 21,672,111 30,354,263 12,666,000 13,250,000 548,617 917,771 6,611,419 9,672,015 7,100,000 4,925,000 4,900,000 25,000,000 25,680,000 8,030,000 15,877,750 14,893,853 13,350,060 5,617,527 12,000,000 (a) 29,879,815 998,284 (e) 1,200,000 30,410,183 28,324,324 21,929,905 47,556,905 1,000,000 (e) 1,250,000 27,345,600 25,500,000 6,253 8,960 3,000 11,542 (e) 12,500 13,000 (e) 13,000 4,000 (e) 13,000 139,884,210) 131,771,505) 165,877,906 (b) Kansas, Indian Territory, Oklahoma. (c) Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, Eastern Ohio and until 1904, Kentucky and Tennessee. (d) Eng. and Min. Journal. (e) Estimated. PETTUS, EDMUND WINSTON. An American legislator, died on July 27, 1907. He was born in Livingston County, Ala., on July 6, 1821; was educated at Clinton College, in South County, Tenn., was admitted to the bar in 1842, and began to practice in Gainesville, Ala. He served in the Mexican and Civil wars. After the Civil War he resumed practice, this time at Selma, Ala., which was thereafter his home. In 1896 Mr. Pettus was elected to the United States Senate. He took his seat on March 4, 1897, and thereafter was successively re-elected. The term which he was serving when he died would have expired in 1909, but he was re-elected in January, 1907, and therefore would have continued in the Senate until 1915. tral office, as an unsalaried employee of some affiliated society, and in the preparation of a thesis. There were 52 students in the session of 1906-07, and 51 in the 1907 summer session. Tuition is $50 for the year, and $10 for the summer session. There are a number of fellowships and scholarships. The school has also developed a system of extension courses for schools, hospitals, and other institutions and societies. It has published three volumes of addresses given on one of its lectureships: The New Basis of Civilization, by Professor Simon Patten, of the University of Pennsylvania; Standards of Public Morality, by President Hadley, of Yale, and Legislation and Administration for Social Welfare, by Professor Jeremiah Jenks, of Cornell. From the inception of the school until March, 1907, its director was Dr. Edward T. Devine, general secretary of the New York Charity Organization Society and professor of social economy in Columbia. Since March, 1907, Dr. Samuel McCune Lindsay, professor of social legislation in Columbia, has been director. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, a colonial dependency of the United States, the most northerly group of the Malayan Archipelago. The total number of islands is 3141, the area of the total land surface is 115,026 square miles, and the total population, according to the census of 1903, was 7,635,426, of which 647,740 were wild peoples. The average density of the population was 67 per square mile. The area and population of the most important islands are given in the accompanying table: PHILANTHROPY, SCHOOLS OF. Probably the newest university professional schools are those of philanthropy, affiliated with Columbia, Harvard, and the University of Chicago. The New York school, as the oldest and largest, may be taken as typical. The Charity Organization Society of the City of New York opened in 1898 a six-weeks' summer class for experienced social workers. To this, continued annually, there were added in 1903-04 afternoon and evening classes throughout the winter. The following year full-time classes were inaugurated, for beginners as well as experienced workers; an endowment yielding an annual income of $10,000 was provided, and an affiliation arranged with Columbia University through which officers of the school become professors in the university and students of either institution may take work without charge in the other and count it toward the diploma or degree for which they are working. College graduates who have had work in social science and persons of normal school or high school training who have had experience in social service are admitted to the school without further examination. The curriculum lead- Bohol ing to the diploma is one year in length, consisting of required study of the field in general, of racial traits in population of constructive social work, and of care of families in homes. Work must also be taken in two of the following subjects: The administration of charitable institutions, child-helping agencies, the treatment of criminals, and the state in its relation to charity. Parallel with this theoretical instruction, which is given by some 75 lecturers who are actual workers in the fields they discuss, practice work is required in the district offices of the Charity Organization Society, in its cen The numbers of various nationalities entering and leaving were, respectively, as follows: Americans, 7647, 1833; Chinese, 7966, 6719; Filipinos, 693, 587; Spaniards, 580, 450; English, 430, 414; Japanese, 277, 371; Germans, 89, 75; East Indians, 84, 82; French, 75, 59. Prior to January 1, 1906, the officers and enlisted men of the army, navy, and marine corps, and trained army nurses were included in the statistical returns. Chinese immigration in 1903 was 8762; in 1904, 9089; in 1905, 8886; in 1906, 7966. Japanese immigration in 1903 was 1072; in 1904, 2744; in 1905, 1235; in 1906, 277. EDUCATION. Since the establishment of the Bureau of Education in 1901 by the American Government, public instruction has had a prominence in the Philippines which has scarcely been equaled anywhere. It has won the support of the Filipino people, and is the chief reliance of the American Government for the inculcation of its policy and the solution of social problems. The schools have no historic connection with the former ones under the Spanish system, and are the most distinctively American institution in the islands. English was made the language of instruction not only because there was no one language already in universal use, but also because English is the language of general intercourse in the Far East, and because it was strongly desired by the people. In the aim of the government to replace the dependent class with a body of independent peasantry, the problem before the Bureau of Education was to organize a system of primary instruction for the entire juvenile population. It was also necessary to consider the needs of higher instruction for the training of young men for industrial efficiency, in the professions, and for the development of leaders of the people. There are about 1,200,000 children between the ages of 6 and 15. In 1903 there were only about 100,000 children attending schools, and hardly enough teachers, buildings, and equip ment to give instruction to this number. It was felt that three years was the minimum of instruction which a child should receive. If a constant attendance of 400,000 children could be maintained, three years' instruction could be given to all. The work had to be done by native teachers, and a force of at least 6000 was required. In September, 1903, the enrollment amounted to about 182,000 pupils. In March, 1904, it had risen to 227,600, and at the opening of the next school year, April, 1904, it had become 264,000. From this it went to 300,000, and in the school year 1905-06 an average monthly attendance of 375,554 pupils was maintained. Even if the scope of the work does not increase, the result will be that there will be no illiterate young people in the Philippine Islands. The funds for education are derived from three sources within the islands, a little more than half coming from the insular government. The municipalities supply nearly all the remainder through means of a land tax and appropriations from general funds. Small but increasing appropriations are made by the provincial governments. Voluntary gifts also have been frequently made, mainly for the erection of school buildings. Most of this money was given by very poor people. The intermediate school offers three further years of instruction after the primary course. This instruction includes English, arithmetic, geography, a year of Philippine history and gov ernment, three years of science, which embraces studies of plants, animals, and human physiol ogy, and in addition to these academic branches each boy in an intermediate school has three years of instruction in agriculture or in shop work, or divides his time between these two branches. Study of the fisheries of the archipelago is to be made a third industrial course, elective in the place of agriculture or tool work. The girls receive three years of domestic science instruction. The high school offers elective courses, one in literature, one in sciences and history, one in teaching, and one in agriculture, and a fifth in elementary technology is proposed. At the end of 1906 there were 831 American teachers in the Philippines, and 4719 native teachers. There were 3340 schools, of which 2979 were primary, 115 intermediate, 18 secondary, 6 technical, and the remainder night schools. There are also many private schools, and schools maintained by the church. FISHERIES. Marine and shell fish form the largest part of the animal food of the Philippines, about nine-tenths of the people of the islands using fish as their principal flesh diet. The total annual consumption of fish approximates half a million long tons. In this industry there are employed, during a part or all of their time, the estimated number of 119,000 persons and 28,000 boats. The pearl fisheries, mainly in the Sulu archipelago, yield motherof-pearl shell to an average annual value of 160,000 pesos. The finding of pearls is only incidental to the main industry. It is estimated that probably more than 2000 boats in the Siassi group are engaged in the pearl fisheries. MINING. Transportation facilities are still so inadequate and labor and capital so insufficient that the mineral resources of the islands have not been much exploited. The most extensive and valuable deposits are those of coal in Luzon, Batan, Polillo, Mindoro, Masbate, Negros, Cebu, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao; gold in Luzon and Mindanao; copper in northern Luzon; iron in Luzon, Cebu, and Panay; sulphur in some of the volcanic regions, and occasional deposits of salt and gypsum. Most of the activity is restricted at present to geological reconnaissances, but the opening of the Benguet road has made it possible to begin mining operations in the gold fields of that province. A topographical survey of the gold-bearing regions of Benguet has been completed. The question of the development of the coal fields and of the most economic utilization of the grades of lignite and of bituminous coal is of fundamental commercial importance. A number of geologists are engaged in mapping the coal areas. AGRICULTURE. On account of the scanty and confused nature of the only information which has heretofore been obtainable, the Bureau of Agriculture has planned to establish a division of statistics which shall undertake inspection of the crops, the lands, the water supplies, crop pests, prices of products, etc. The Secretary of the Interior for the Philippine Islands in his report for 1905 states that but 3,209,000 acres of land in the islands are counted as under cultivation, whereas there are some 30,000,000 acres of land other than forest land, and that much of the 42,000,000 acres of forest land has a rich soil and may be advantageously cleared |