JAPAN and minor islands, 147,651 square miles and 46,732,138 inhabitants in 1903; Formosa (q. v.), 13,503 square miles and 3,041,452 inhabitants in 1905; Southern Sakhalin (q. v.), 12,489 square miles and 12,361 inhabitants in 1906; and Kwantung (q. v.), 1221 square miles and 157,720 inhabitants in 1906. POPULATION. The population of Japan proper in 1903 consisted of 23,600,931 males and 23,131,207 females. In 1907 it was estimated at 48,864,010. The birth-rate per 1000 of population in 1903 was 32.0, and the death-rate 20.0 The number of foreigners in Japan at the end of 1905 was 16,719, of whom 10,417 were Chinese, 2137 British, 1629 Americans, 635 Germans, 545 French, 303 Koreans, and 205 Portuguese. The number of Japanese in foreign countries containing over 1000 of them at the end of 1905 was as follows, the corresponding figures for 1904 being in parentheses: China, 60,890 (32,244); Korea, 15,332 (9417); Hongkong, 42,460 (31,093); Singapore, 1377 (1292); United States, 53,719 (33,899), of whom 2188 (1899) were in New York, 32,841 (10,607) in California, and 7305 (6677) in Washington; Hawaii, 59,656 (65,008); Philippines, 2435 (2652); Canada, 3622 (3838); and Australia, 1934. In 1905-6 Japanese immigrants to the United States numbered 13,835, and in 1906-7, 30,226. The number of indigenes (Ainos) in Yezo at the end of 1905 was 17,632, as against 17,783 in 1903 and 17,298 in 1900. The immigration and emigration of Yezo since 1900 are shown in the following table, that island being still in the stage of colonization: Immigration Emigration 1900 48,118 7,846 1901 50,105 9,768 1902 43,401 9,985 1903 44,942 8,738 1904 50,111 1905 58,224 9,027 10,395 The principal cities with their population at the end of 1903, are as follows: Tokio, 1,818,655; Osaka, 995,945; Kioto, 380,568; Yokohama, 326,035; Nagoya, 288,639; Kobé, 285,002; Nagasaki, 153,293; Hiroshima, 121,196; Sendia, 100,237; Kanazawa, 99,657; Hakodaté, 85,313; Okayama, 81,025; Otaru, 79,371; Fukuoka, 71,047; Wakayama, 68,527; Saseho, or Sasebo, 68,344; Kuré, 66,006; Takushima, 63,710; Kumamoto, 59,717; Nügata, 59,576; Kagoshima, 59,001; Toyama, 56,275; Sapporo, 55,304; Sakai, 54,040; and Fukui, 50,155. The number of suicides is increasing. In 1890 4600 men and 2700 women committed suicide; in 1895, 4400 men and 2900 women; in 1900, 5100 men and 3200 women; in 1903, 6100 men and 3700 women; in 1904, 6200 men and 3900 The expenditure of the Department of Education in 1906-7 was 6,352,914 yen (1 yen=49.8 cents), besides the local expenditure. In 1905-6 there were: 1 government, 30 public, and 69 private libraries in the country. The 99 public and private libraries had a total of 1,034,987 volumes. The Imperial Library had 241,334 volumes, of which 192,970 were Chinese and Japanese, and 48,364 European; the University of Tokio Library contained 380,892 volumes, of which 217,515 were Chinese and Japanese, and 163,377 European; and the University of Kioto Library contained 147,374 volumes, of which 78,670 were Chinese and Japanese, and 68,704 European. The following table gives the number of schools of each kind, teachers, and pupils for 1905-6: SCHOOLS, TEACHERS AND PUPILS IN JAPAN, 1905-1906 FISHERIES. About 900,000 families, or 15 per cent. of the population, are engaged in the fisheries. In 1905 there were employed in sea and fresh water fishing 422,976 boats, of which 25,860 were over 30 feet in length. The number of fishermen killed or wounded in the same year was 1245. The value of the catch in 1905 was 50,261,626 yen, and of marine products, 30,500,016 yen, as against 44,985,081 and 33.003,299 yen, respectively, in 1900. Pelagic fishing has been receiving a small bounty since 1897. June, 1905, there were employed in pelagic fishing 6426 junks, with a crew of 41,399; 51 sail ing vessels, with 1096 men; and seven steamers, with 107 men. The value of the catch was 4,159,979 yen. The Korean coast fisheries employed in 1905 2902 boats with 13,689 men, yielding a catch worth 2,225,521 yen. Salt, produced almost entirely by evaporation, has been a state monopoly since the war between Russia and Japan. In 1905 the salt production amounted to 4,767,106 koku, valued at 10,214,200 yen. MINING. The quantity and value of the mineral production of Japan, as estimated for 1906, are shown in the following table: Value, yen AGRICULTURE. The number of households engaged in agriculture in 1904 was 5,414,632, of which 3,776,416 were engaged in farming only, and 1.638,216 combined other occupations with 3,722,127 3,151,563 farming. At the beginning of 1906 the total 25,751,541 arable land amounted to 6,430,985 cho, of which 467,388 2,831,909 cho were rice fields, 2,399,460 were up12,562 land, and 1,199,616 various. The extent of 493,677 750 land tilled by owners in 1904 was 1,367,955 cho 72,453 in rice fields, and 1,462,400 cho in upland farms, while that tilled by tenants was 1,356,446 and 937,620 cho, respectively. The percentage of land owned by the tillers of the soil was thus 50.21 in rice fields and 60.93 in upland, and of rented land 49.79 and 39.07, respectively. 29,546 293,540 666,737 4,983 4,738,355 Phosphor, Kwan, 810,000 Iron, 15,299,767 Iron pyrites, Coal, tons Total value (1906) Total value (1905) 639 13,770 2,810,320 92,225 55,409,963 129,230 97,861,368 78,109,797 1 120 mommé equals 1 lb. avoirdupois. 1 kwan equais 8.28 lbs. avoirdupois. The total number engaged in mining in 1905 was 154,975 (1900, 131,011), of whom 79,505 worked in coal mines, 68,861 in metal mines, and 6609 in non-metallic mines. The number of mine accidents increased from 173 in 1900 to 3562 in 1905 and 6281 in 1906; and the number of the dead and injured from 477 in 1900 to 3809 in 1905 and 6933 in 1906. See COAL; COPPER; GOLD; SILVER. FORESTRY. In March, 1906, the total area covered by forests was 28,605,171 cho (1 cho= 2.4507 acres), of which the state owned 12,313,328 cho, the crown, 2,099,648, and shrines, temples, public institutions and private persons, 14,192,134. The state and crown forests are as yet of comparatively little value, but the revenue derived from them is rapidly increasing. The yield of the forests in 1905-6, exclusive of Yezo, for the three classes is shown in the following table: For the fiscal year, 1907-8, the gross revenue derived from the state forests was estimated at 7,640,000 yen, and the expenditure at 3,520,000 yen, leaving a net revenue of 4,120,000 yen. By 1917 the net revenue to be derived is estimated at 30,000,000 yen. The bulk of the world's supply of camphor comes from Japan and Formosa. In the latter the industry is carried on by the government. The monopoly there established led to the extension of the industry in Japan proper, whereupon the government extended its monopolistic policy, compelling the Japanese producers to sell their entire production to itself. This has in turn brought about the extension of camphor culture in China, the Malay Peninsula, etc. The of Japanese production camphor in amounted to 4,185,906 kin, and of camphor oil, 3,484,387 kin, as compared with 4,102,362 and 3,417,531, respectively, in 1905. was The area under rice in 1907 was 2,899,230 cho. The normal rice erop for the last ten years was 43,865,849 koku (1 koku=4.96 bushels); in 1905 it was 38,172,560 koku; in 1906, 46,312,530, and in 1907, 50,391,242. The rice production does not suffice for the needs of the population, and in 1906 there was imported 2,440,434 koku of rice, against an export of 224,466 koku. The production of barley in 1906 16,403,170 koku, and of wheat, 3,962,265 koku. The area under oats, which are sown principally in Hokkaido (Yezo), is steadily increasing, owing to the progress of colonization on that island; in 1905 it was 24,665 cho. The production of barley increased from 168,277′ koku in 1902 to 548,454 koku in 1905. The production of millet in 1905 was 364,969 koku; Italian millet, 1,829,027 koku; Sarva millet, 705,422 koku; buckwheat, 1,119,108 koku; soya beans, 3,261,881 koku; red beans, 804,485 koku; sweet potatoes, 651,678,486 kwan (1 kwan=8.28 lbs.); potatoes, 117,969,598 kwan. The production of indigo has been steadily diminishing; in 1900 it was 16,582,230 kwan, and in 1905, 7,254,033 kwan. The production of tobacco in 1905 was 10,877,919 kwan. Cotton has steadily diminished from an acreage of 24,121 cho and a production of 4,468,581 kwan in 1901 to 12,203 and 2,145,625, respectively, in 1905. Hemp also was reduced from 17,576 cho and 2,994,028 kwan in 1901 to 13,350 cho and 2,185,425 kwan in 1905. Mulberry trees covered 299,432 cho in 1900 and 339,971 cho in 1905, and the production of silk was 2,494,656 kwan (raw silk, 1,755,751; waste silk, 738,905) in 1900, and 2,606.124 kwan (raw silk 1,949,120; waste silk, 657,004) in 1905. The number of households engaged in sericulture increased from 1,440,881 in 1900 to 1,484,750 in 1905. The tea acreage has remained about the same since 1900, but the number of tea manufactories increased from 568,147 in 1900 to 785,948 in 1905. In the latter year the acreage was 49,552 cho, and the production, 6,798,113 kwan. The following table gives the 1905 acreage and production of some minor crops: 1906 Paper mulberry.. 34,655 7,435,455 64 Ginger 1,899 Menthol leaf Burdock JAPAN Of fruit trees there were in 1905: Plum, 4066; peach, 4,507,349; pear, 4,305,458; persimmon, 8,111,416; apple, 1,811,980; grape vines, 1,102,838; and orange, 13,530,054. Live stock numbered in 1906 as follows, the corresponding figures for 1900 being in parentheses: Cattle, 1,167,610 (1,261,214); horses, 1,367,615 (1,541,979); sheep, 3590 (2400); goats, 72,121 (59,914); swine, 228,204 (181,176). To improve the The export of cotton yarn increased from 12,974,000 kin in 1896 to 80,215,000 kin in 1905, while the import diminished from 20,014,000 to 2.235,000. The cotton piece goods industry employed in 1905 7128 looms, and turned out 126,853,260 yards of cloth. The native weaving industry shows a great reduction in the number of weavers and looms, but an even greater increase in the value of their product. The cause of these counter improvements is unexplained; it may be due to an improvement in the tools and methods of work, or to a specialization and intensifica ments, producing 268,137,000 kin sugar, 5,890,- The value of the production of ceramic goods increased from 5,205,000 yen in 1896 to 8,821, 000 yen in 1905; of lacquer goods, from 3,295,000 in 1896 to 5,559,000 in 1905; of matches, from 5,501,000 in 1895 to 12,219,000 in 1905. At the end of 1906 it was reported that there were 237 match factories, employing 5980 men and 16,189 women. European paper was manufactured in 1896 in 10 factories, with a capital of 2,895,000 yen, 200 employees, and a product valued at 2,745,000 yen; in 1905, in 21 factories, with 9,483,000 yen of capital, 4894 employees, and 11,059,000 yen of product. Sugar 1906 was manufactured in 1905 in 221,904 estab 1900 |