The following table shows the values of production, by groups of industries, according to the census of 1906, compared with the results of earlier censuses: Note. The statistics of hand trades for 1901 and 1906 are exclusive of the values of products of carpenters and builders. The values for the latter year include works employing less than five persons. The average production per wage-earner in the manufacturing industries, compared with the results of earlier censuses, is shown in the following table: WAGE-EARNERS. The number and earnings of wage-workers in their regular occupations, distinguished by sex and classes of occupation, according to the census of 1901, for the whole of Canada, were as follows: FOREIGN COMMERCE. The imports and exports of Canada for the years ending March 31, since 1901, were as follows: In 1907 the imports of merchandise for consumption consisted of $200,901,500 dutiable and $129,868,781 free. The amount of duty collected was $53,006,546. The principal imports of merchandise for consumption in 1907 were as follows: Breadstuffs, $8,796,386; coal and coke, $24,207,676; cotton and manufactures thereof, $21,158,703; drugs, dyes, chemicals, and medicines, $8,767,478; fruits, $7,742,769; hides and skins, $7,788,654; iron and steel and manufactures thereof, $58,988,876; silk and manufactures thereof, $14,441,813; sugar, molasses, etc., $10,270,291; wood and manufactures thereof, $10,465,802; wool and manufactures thereof, $20,487,440. The exports of home produce in 1907 were classed as follows: Products of the mine, $36,146,146; of the fisheries, $13,786,437; of the forest, $45,823,172; animal produce, $67,877,104; agricultural produce, $49,544,327; manufactures, $26,279,049; miscellaneous, $178,538. The principal exports of home produce in 1907 were as follows: Living animals, $15,056,922; breadstuffs, $42,512,371; coal, coke, and charcoal, $4,963,312; fish, $13,430,384; fruits, $3,468,835; furs, skins, and manufactures thereof, $3,697,065; hides and skins other than fur, $3,790,741; metals, $36,748,227; provisions, $44,635,051; wool and manufactures thereof, $50,714,573. The trade with the principal countries in 1907 was as follows: shall have the benefit of the French minimum tariff in France and its colonies, and that a large number of the products of France and its colonies shall have the benefit of the Canadian intermediate tariff and of the lowest rates of customs duty applicable to like products of other foreign origin. It is significant that the convention was directly negotiated between France and Canada with the approval of King Edward. The trade of Canada by provinces during the fiscal year 1907 (from July 1, 1906, to March 31, 1907) was as follows: 89,229,256 $109,772,944 134,469,420 1,725,019 3,055,655 Australia 252,375 2,471,706 Fort William Imports $ 1,978,691 9,862,630 1,128,414 1,190,316 50,494,667 $ 6,041,943 1,802 14,421,885 6,226,181 5,685 SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION. The tonnage of vessels built in 1907 (9 months) was 33,205, and the tonnage of vessels registered, 31,635. The number and net tonnage of vessels of all kinds on the shipping registry of Canada in 1906 were, respectively, 7516 and 663,415. The tonnage of vessels entered and cleared in 1907 (9 months) in the foreign trade was 30,595,891; and in the coasting trade, 31,691,420. Of the tonnage entered from sea (7,121,468), 4,936,769 CANADA COMMUNICATIONS. The length of steam railways in operation in Canada in 1906 was 21,353 miles, and of electric railways, 807 miles. The Canadian Government railways had a length of 1846 miles. The paid-up capital invested in railways in Canada to June 30, 1906, was $1,396,356,675. The total aid granted to railways by the Dominion and provincial governments and municipalities to June 30, 1906, was $262,275,964, of which $254,825,570 was paid up. The number of passengers carried by steam railways in 1906 was 27,989,782, and tons of freight, 57,966,713; by electric railways, 237,655,074, and 506,024 respectively. The net earnings of steam railways in 1906 were $38,193,431, and of electric railways, $4,291,834. The cost of construction of government railways to June 30, 1906, was $155,172,960; the working expenses for the year were $123,865,523; revenue, $112,571,053; deficit, $11,294,470. The number of persons killed and injured on steam railways in 1906 was 1365; on electric railways, 1653. For details of new construction and projects in 1907 see RAILROADS. was British, 1,133,204 American, and 755,655 counts in them, 164,542; deposits, $45,736,488. Norwegian and Swedish; of the tonnage cleared The transactions of the post office and Dominfor sea (6,783,406), 4,539,093 was British, ion Government savings banks during the year 1,147,095 American, and 784,430 Norwegian and ending June 30, 1906, were as follows: Cash deSwedish. In the trade on rivers and lakes be- posits in year, $14,109,869; withdrawals, $16,tween Canada and the United States, 8,603,411 077,631; at credit of depositors June 30, 1906, tons entered (5,117,860 Canadian and 3,485,551 $61,911,182, as against $62,017,457 in 1905 and American), and 8,087,606 cleared (4,565,408 $62,158,450 in 1904. On June 30, 1907, the Canadian and 3,522,198 American). chartered banks had a paid-up capital of $96,362,130; notes issued by chartered banks amounted to $75,510,402, and of the Dominion Government, $58,316,532; deposits in the post office savings banks were $46,832,611, in Government savings banks (except post offices), $14,911,071, in special savings banks, $28,520,547, and in chartered banks, $589,459,889, making total deposits, $679,724,118; outstanding loans of chartered banks, $639,970,696; assets of chartered banks, $958,342,255; and liabilities, exclusive of capital and reserves, $781,075,593. GOVERNMENT. "The British North America Act" of 1867, creating the Dominion of Canada, provides that the Constitution of the Dominion shall be similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom; that the executive authority shall be vested in the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, in whose name it shall be carried on by a Governor-General and Privy Council; and that the legislative power shall be vested in a Parliament, consisting of a Senate and a House of Commons. The senators, appointed by the Governor-General for life, now number 87; 24 each from Ontario and Quebec, 10 each from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 3 from British Columbia, and 4 each from Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. A senator must reside and possess $4000 worth of property in the province for which he is appointed. Members of the House of Commons are elected for five years, the qualifications for voting varying in the several provinces. Quebec is always entitled to 65 members, and the other provinces have a representation in proportion, the present ratio being one member for every 22,688 of population. The House of Commons consists at present of 214 members-65 from Quebec, 86 from Ontario, 18 from Nova Scotia, 13 from New Brunswick, 10 from Manitoba, 7 from British Columbia, 4 from Prince Edward Island, 5 each from Saskatchewan and Alberta, and 1 from Yukon Territory. The canal, river, and lake system of Canada has a length of over 2700 miles. The aggregate capital outlay on canals up to July 30, 1906, was $90,846,879. The revenue of canals in 1907 (9 months) was $105,003. In 1906 the canals were navigated by 23,726 Canadian vessels of 5,526,321 tons, and 7319 American vessels, of 5,685,315 tons. The Georgian Bay Canal Commission has practically completed, at a cost of $600,000, a survey of the proposed 21-foot waterway from Georgian Bay to Montreal via the French, Nipissing, and Ottawa rivers, which would shorten the distance from Fort William, on Georgian Bay, to Montreal by over 400 miles. The cost is estimated at about $105,000,000. With the completion of the canal, about 500,000 horsepower will become available along its course-almost as much as at Niagara. This, combined with its great resources of iron ore and timber, will make the Ottawa valley one of the great manufacturing centres of the continent. The length of telegraph line in the Dominion in 1906 was 31,536, of which 6829 were owned by the Dominion Government. The latter also owns 346 knots of cable. The number of telegraph offices in 1906 was 3072, and of post offices in 1905, 10,879. The postal revenue and expenditure in 1906 were respectively $5,933,342 and $4,921,577. BANKS. In 1906 (monthly averages) the paid-up capital of the chartered banks of Canada was $91,035,604; reserve funds, $64,002,266; notes in circulation, $70,638,870; deposits, $605,968,513; outstanding loans, $655,869,879; liabilities (excluding capital and reserves), $713,790,553; assets, $878,512,076. The transactions of the clearing houses of chartered banks in 1906 were $3,950,701,262. The average monthly circulation of Dominion notes in 1906 was $51,859,532. The number of post office savings banks at the end of 1906 was 1011; of open ac The present Governor-General is Earl Grey. The Privy Council consists of the following: Premier and President, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; Secretary of State, R. W. Scott; Minister of Trade and Commerce, Sir R. J. Cartwright; Minister of Justice and Attorney-General, A. B. Aylesworth; Minister of Marine and Fisheries, Louis P. Brodeur; Minister of Railways and Canals, Henry R. Emerson; Minister of Militia and Defense, Sir F. W. Borden; Minister of Finance, W. S. Fielding; Postmaster General and Minister of Labor, Rudolphe Lemieux; Minister of Agriculture, Sydney A. Fisher; Minister of Public Works, Chas. S. Hyman; Minister of Interior, Frank Oliver; Minister of Customs, William Paterson; Minister of Inland Revenue, W. P. Templeman. Each of the nine provinces has a separate legislature, administration, and responsible ministry. A Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Governor-General, is at the head of the executive. In Quebec and Nova Scotia the legislature is bicameral, in the others, unicameral. Territory is governed by a Commissioner and an Yukon Executive Council of ten members, five of whom are elected by the people. The Northwest Territories are governed by a Commissioner and a Council of four, appointed by the Governor-General in Council. FINANCE. The financial accounts of the Dominion are made up under three headings: (1) "Consolidated Fund," comprising general revenue and expenditure; (2) "Loans," in revenue, and "Redemption" with "Premiums" and "Discounts" in expenditures, comprising deposits in and withdrawals from post office and government savings banks, the amount on deposit forming part of the floating or unfunded debt; (3) "Open Accounts," comprising investments, trust funds, province accounts, and capital outlay on public works. The general receipts and expenditures, on Consolidated Fund, and the total expenditure during the fiscal years since 1901 were as follows: Total Expenditure second line of defense. In 1906 the militia was composed as follows: Authorized establishment, 3836 officers, 44,162 non-commissioned officers and men, with 8245 horses; received 12 days' training, 2862 officers, 36,442 non-commissioned officers and men, with 6851 horses; received under 12 days' training, 162 officers, 1334 noncommissioned officers and men, with 64 horses; untrained, 804 officers, 6386 non-commissioned officers and men, with 1330 horses. The Imperial fortress at Halifax, N. S., and the naval station at Esquimalt, B. C., were formally transferred to the Dominion authorities on January 18, 1906. There is as yet no marine militia, the naval defence being entrusted to the Imperial authorities. HISTORY INTRODUCTION. The year 1907 was noteworthy for the parliamentary discussion and action which in some cases met, and in others carried far toward settlement, a long-existing demand for important legislation. The chief measures which became law related to the tariff, $57,982,866 the settlement of industrial disputes and bet63,970,800 ter observance of Sunday. For some time the 72,255,048 agitation for better life insurance laws, and 78,804,139 for some method of granting pensions or state83,277,642 aided annuities to the deserving had attracted 65,778,139 much attention, and bills for both purposes 61,746,572 The expenditures outside of the Consolidated Fund in 1907 were as follows: Expenditure chargeable to capital, $11,329,144; railway subsidies, $1,324,889; other charges, $1,581,944. The principal receipts on Consolidated Fund were as follows: Customs, $39,760,172; excise, $11,805,413; post office, $5,061,728; railways, $6,509,100; interest on investments, $1,235,746; Dominion lands, $1,443,632. The principal pay ments on account of Consolidated Fund were: Interest on public debt, $6,712,771; sinking funds, $1,177,147; civil government, $1,487,496; legislation, $1,322,074; militia, $3,347,038; public works, $5,520,571; mail subsidies and steam ship subventions, $1,128,877; lighthouse and coast service, $2,026,642; subsidies to provinces, $6,745,134; Indians, $940,680; customs, $1,222,949; post office, $3,979,557; railways and canals, $7,011,858. The total receipts and expenditures in 1907 under the three headings given above were $306,348,887. The total debt stood on March 31, 1907, at $379,966,826, from which are to be subtracted the total assets of $116,294, 966, leaving a net debt of $263,671,860. ARMY. The King is commander-in-chief of the naval and military forces, but the control of them rests with the Dominion Parliament. In 1904 a new Militia Act was passed. The militia (exclusive of the permanent militia of 1066 men, which is being enlarged) is divided into an active force serving for three years, and a reserve force, which includes all non-active citizens between the ages of eighteen and sixty liable to service. The active militia is raised by voluntary enlistment. It is designed to form peace training establishments containing all the officers and non-commissioned officers of corps, and part of the rank and file. When expanded to war strength, it constitutes the first line of defense, besides providing a nucleus of officers and non-commissioned officers for the training of the new corps, which are to constitute the were under parliamentary consideration at the close of the year. Between 1903 and 1907 important railway legislation had also been passed, and a deep interest manifested in the further development of the canal system. In 1903 the Alaska boundary dispute was settled by an international commission, of which three members were American and three British, and which practically disallowed the Canadian claim, excluding the Dominion from all ocean inlets on the Alaskan coast as far south as Portland channel. A railway commission, with large powers over railway freights and rates, as well as disputes between railway and shippers, was organized; and the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company was incorporated, Parliament authorizing the construction of a transcontinental railway from Moncton, New Brunswick, to a point on the coast of British Columbia, which was afterward agreed upon and named Prince Rupert. In 1904 a general election was held and the government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier was returned to power, with its majority increased from 46 to 70 in the House of Commons. A militia law was passed in that year making the general officer commanding the Canadian militia (who had hitherto been a British officer under the orders of the British sovereign) directly responsible to the Canadian Minister of Militia, and conferring the power of selecting him either from the officers of the British Army or from those of the Canadian militia; also creating a militia council and general staff. In 1905 the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, each with an area of 250,000 square miles, were organized in the Northwest Territories. Committees which had been appointed to consider the practicability of organic union between the Presbyterian, Congregational and Methodist Churches in Canada reported strongly in its favor. In 1906 the Tariff Commission appointed by Parliament finished its labors, and a Royal Commission to investigate insurance laws was appointed. PARLIAMENT. The annual parliamentary |