CALIFORNIA 127 CALIFORNIA State banking laws. For an account of the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 see EARTHQUAKES. The next session of the Legislature will begin on January 4, 1909, and the next State election will be held November 3, 1908. the government of the city to pass out of his hands. On May 24th indictments were returned against Abraham Ruef, Mayor Schmitz, and others for offering or accepting bribes in connection with street railway franchises. On May 25 twenty-eight indictments were returned against the officials of the Parkside Realty Company for offering bribes. Mayor Schmitz was in Europe at the time of his indictment and hastened back to face the accusations. After a trial, which abounded in dramatic incidents, he was convicted on June 13 of the crime of extortion and was sentenced to the State prison at San Quentin for five years. On July 9 Charles Boxton, one of the self-confessed bribers on the Board of Supervisors, was elected Mayor of San Francisco by the other members of the Board at the dictation of Rudolph Spreckels, but on July 17 Boxton was removed and Dr. Edward R. Taylor was elected Mayor. On July 26 sixteen of the members of the Board of Supervisors resigned in deference to public opinion which resented self-confessed boodlers being kept in office and Mayor Taylor filled the vacancies by appointment. The Supreme Court on August 19 con- attorney-general or any district attorney. The firmed the appointment of Taylor as Mayor. On September 4 Louis Glass, an official of a leading corporation, was sentenced to five years for bribery. The election for Mayor and Supervisors was held on November 5. Mayor Taylor was nominated by a combination of the Democrats and Good Citizenship clubs, while his opponents were McCarthy, nominated by the Union Labor party, and Ryan, nominated by the Republican party. Taylor was elected by a majority of about 13,000. This assured the retirement of the ring which had governed the city for so many years. On December 3, Tirey L. Ford, who was general counsel of the United Railroads and formerly Attorney-General of the state, was acquitted of the charge of bribery. On December 4 the Grand Jury undid a part of its labors by exonerating many of the persons whom it had already formerly indicted at the instance of the prosecuting attorneys. Its report declared that many of the persons had been indicted on insufficient evidence, and among those were the officials of the Parkside Realty Company. The campaign against corruption had been marked by excesses, and the question of the guilt or innocence of many persons involved in the alleged scandals was still undecided at the close of the year. In November an epidemic of bubonic plague broke out in San Francisco, which resulted in the death of nearly 100 persons before it was finally checked. On March 30, as the result of the failure of the city authorities to move in the matter, 20,000 people, including men, women, and children, cleaned the city streets of San Francisco. The year was marked by several serious strikes, among them the Street Railway strike, which was accompanied by riots which resulted in the death of several people and injuries to several hundreds (see STRIKES). On September 7 the famous Cliff House was destroyed by fire. Following the financial crisis of October and November, the California Safe Deposit Company suspended payment. The company was one of the largest on the Pacific Coast, and it included over 12,500 depositors and $6,000,000 in de posits. W. J. Bartnett, vice-president, and J. Dalzell Brown, director and general manager, were arrested on the charge of violating the LEGISLATION. An extra session of the legislature, made necessary by the destruction of the records in the fire in San Francisco, and for other reasons connected with that disaster, was convened on June 2, 1906. The measures passed related entirely to these circumstances. Among the important measures passed at the legislative session of 1907 were those noted below: A pure food law was passed, conforming in its essential features with the national law. Stringent measures were passed for the regulation of trusts. All combinations for the restriction of trade or commerce, for the limiting of production, for the prevention of competition, or for the fixing of prices at any standard or figure are forbidden. Foreign corporations are amenable to this law. Corporations violating this law shall be fined $50 for each day on which such violations are committed, after due notice by the laws relating to elections were amended, as were the game laws. The investments of insurance companies are restricted to the bonds of the United States, State bonds, municipal bonds, unencumbered real estate, and to the stock of established corporations, under certain conditions. Child labor legislation, forbidding the employment of children under 14 and limiting the hours of those under 16 to certain hours in the day was enacted. Foreigners under 16 years of age must be able to read and write the English language before their employment is permitted. Amendments were made to the laws dividing the State in senatorial, assembly, congressional equalization, railroad, and judicial districts. A department of engineering is created with a State Engineer at its head. See MILITIA. STATE OFFICERS. Governor, James N. Gillett; Lieutenant-Governor, Warren Porter; Secretary of State, C. F. Curry; Treasurer, W. N. Williams; Comptroller, E. P. Colgan; AdjutantGeneral, F. McCaughey; Attorney-General, N. S. Webb; Superintendent of Education, Ed. Hyatt; Commissioner of Insurance, E. Myron Wolfe; Commissioner of Lands, Kingsbury-all Republicans. JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, W. H. Beatty; Associate Justices: T. B. McFarland, Lucien Shaw, F. M. Angellotti, M. C. Sloss, F. W. Henshaw, W. G. Lorigan--all Republicans except Van Dyke; Clerk, Frank L. Caughey, Republican. The legislature of 1907 was composed of 27 Republicans, 6 Democrats, and 1 Independence League, in the Senate; 57 Republicans, 4 Democrats, 1 Independence League, and 18 Labor Unionist, in the House. The United States senators and representatives will be found under the section Congress in the article UNITED STATES. CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, Berkeley and San Francisco, Cal., founded in 1868. There are 23 regents, some of them ex-officio State officers, the remainder appointed by the Governor and approved by the Senate. In addition to ten colleges of law, medicine, dentistry, and phar colleges at Berkeley, the University includes macy, and an institute of art at San Francisco, and the Lick Observatory at Mount Hamilton. All of the colleges require for entrance simply high school graduation, except the School of Medicine, which requires the previous completion of two years in college, and the School of Law, which requires the previous completion of three years. The College of Agriculture is the State experiment stations, with sub-stations in various parts of the State and an elaborate system of bulletins and reports. The University conducts also a summer session, a department of university extension, and issues twelve series of departmental publications. The attendance in 1906-07 was 3246; in the autumn of 1907, 3336. In Arts there were 1369 students, two-thirds of them women. In Applied Science, 749; 249 graduate students, 166 in Commerce and 118 in Agriculture. All of the other departments registered less than one hundred students. The endowment of the University is $4,000,000. Its annual income is $1,000,000. No tuition is charged to students of California. Non-residents of California pay $20 a year. All departments are open to women. Military drill is required of all men undergraduates. The library contains 156,000 volumes. The president is Benjamin Ide Wheeler. CALUMET DRAINAGE CANAL. See CANALS. CALVIN, SAMUEL. An American geologist, born at Wigtonshire, Scotland, on February 2, 1840. He came to the United States at the age of eleven years, and entered Lenox College, but left that institution in 1864, before graduating, in order to enlist in the Union Army. He was appointed professor of geology at the University of Iowa in 1874; was State geologist of Iowa in 1892-1904, and in 1907 was elected president of the Geological Society of America, for which he has directed the publication of 14 volumes of reports. In 1888 he became one of the editors of the American Geologist. CALVO, CARLOS. See CALVO DOCTRINE. CALVO DOCTRINE. A principle of international law, proposed in 1902 by Dr. Luis Drago, Argentinian Minister of Foreign Affairs, and afterwards formulated by Carlos Calvo, the Argentinian diplomat and writer on international law. It provides that "the collection of pecuniary claims made by citizens of one country against the government of another should never be made by force," and was advanced by Drago in 1902, when the fleets of Great Britain, Germany, and Italy were blockading the Venezuelan coast, to compel the payment, by President Castro, of certain claims. The PanAmerican Congress at Rio Janeiro, in August, 1906, submitted the question to The Hague Peace Conference (q. v.). Carlos Calvo, formulator of the doctrine, was born in Buenos Ayres in 1824 and died in 1906. He had considerable diplomatic experience in Europe; was one of the founders of the Institut de Droit International, and afterward Ambassador of the Argentine Republic to France. He published a work on the treaties and conventions of the Latin-American countries (11 vols., 1862-69), Annales historiques de la révolution de l'Amérique latine (5 vols., 1864-75), Le droit international theoretique et pratique (4th edition, 1887-88), and Manuel de droit international public et privé (3d edition, 1892). CAMBODIA. A French Protectorate in Indo-China. Area, about 37,400 square miles, exclusive of the cessions made by Siam in 1904 and 1907, embracing about 16,000 square miles (see INDO-CHINA). The population was esti mated in 1904 at 1,332,691, including about 250,000 Chinese and Annamites, 40,000 Malays, and a few hundred Europeans. Four-fifths of the population live in the riverine country. Pnom-Peuh, the capital, has 50,000 inhabitants. The principal products are rice, maize, betel-nuts, cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, pepper, cinnamon, and silk. The greater part of the cotton production, amounting to about 9000 tons annually, is exported. Cotton growing has good prospects and, though short in staple, it is of very good quality. There is only one cotton-ginning mill, erected by a Frenchman, provided with American machinery, worked by a French engineer, and now owned by a Chinaman. The product is shipped to Japan. For lack of material, the mill runs only for half the year. The pepper production amounts to about 1,700,000 pounds annually. The imports and exports in 1905 were valued at 8,518,375 and 1,970,325 francs, respectively. They pass mainly through Saigon, Cochin-China. Sisawath, the King in 1907, ascended the throne in 1904. A French Resident is at the capital. The budget for 1906 balanced at 2,588,135 dollars (worth about 50 cents each). CAMEROON. See KAMERUN. CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN, Sir HENRY. A British statesman, born at Stracahthro, Forfarshire, Scotland, on September 7, 1836. He was educated at Glasgow and Cambridge universities, was elected to Parliament in 1868, and repeatedly thereafter for Stirling Burghs. His ministerial positions have included those of Financial Secretary to the War Office in 1871-74 and 1880-82; Secretary to the Admiralty in 1882-84; Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1884-85, and Secretary of State for War in 1886 and 1892-95. He became Liberal leader in 1899, and, upon the resignation of the Balfour Cabinet in December, 1905, he was delegated to form a new ministry, the composition of which was nounced on December 11. The new Premier, for the first time in Parliamentary history, included in his cabinet a representative of the labor element, in the person of Mr. John Burns. He at once dissolved Parliament and, in the general election which followed, the Liberal party won a sweeping victory. In June, 1907, he introduced in the Commons a measure to curtail the power of the House of Lords. See GREAT BRITAIN. TISTS. an CAMPBELLITES, or CAMPBELL BAPA name sometimes applied to the Disciples of Christ (q. v.). CANADA, DOMINION OF. A British possession in North America. Its area, exclusive of the Canadian portion of the Great Lakes, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and territorial seas, and population (1901), by provinces, are as follows: |