ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE THE START IN THE GREAT BALLOON RACE AT ST. LOUIS. GRAF VON ZEPPELIN'S THIRD LA FREIGHT TRAIN. ARGENTINE MONUMENT TO MARK PEACE BETWEEN CHILE AND THE PARLIAMENT BUILDING, VICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA. HINDU AT VICTORIA, B. C. MILKING MACHINE E. H. SOTHERN, DAVID WARFIELD, MAUDE ADAMS, ALLA NAZIMOVA FAULT TRACE OF SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE. HOUSE IN LINE OF FAULT TORN ASUNDER 4 6 46 50 54 230 234 242 . 256 F. AUGUSTUS HEINZE, CHARLES W. MORSE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, GEORGE B. CORTELYOU GILBERT PARKER, GEORGE BARR MCCUTCHEON, EDITH WHARTON, FRANCES HODGSON MAURICE RENAUD, MARY GARDEN, JOSEPH JOACHIM, EDWARD GRIEG PAY DAY AT ONE OF THE BRANCH OFFICES OF THE PHILIPPINE RAILWAY COMPANY. LAY V JAMES BRYCE, BARON TAKAHIRA, WU TING-FANG, ENRIQUE C. CREEL FACING PAGE 806 820 WILLIAM H. TAFT, CHARLES E. HUGHES, WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN, JOHN A. JOHNSON BUILDINGS OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. NEW BUILDINGS OF THE HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL 824 THE NEW CROTON DAM DE FOREST'S EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS FOR WIRELESS TELEPHONY. OF DE FOREST INSTRUMENTS 840 COMMERCIAL FORM 848 THE NEW YEAR BOOK A BD-EL-AZIZ, MULAI. Sultan of Mo- mill has recently been established at Addis rocco, was born at Marakesh, on Abeba, Greek artisans are engaged in quarrying February 24, 1878, the son of and stone hewing, and a few houses in the Sultan Mulai Hassan by a Circas- European style have been constructed for memsian slave. He had a good educa- bers of the King's entourage. The exports are tion (obtained partly in Europe), mainly civet, coffee, gum, wax, hides, gold and, upon succeeding his father (who died on (about 12,000 ounces annually from placer June 6, 1894), at once displayed so much sym- mines), and ivory (about 90,000 pounds anpathy for Western civilization that he offended nually). The imports are mainly American, his subjects, and in the latter part of 1902 a English, and Indian cottons and woolens, French formidable insurrection broke out among the silks, German cutlery and mirrors, Italian and Berber tribes, under the leadership of Bu Swedish matches. The imports of American Hamara. The resulting disorders gave France cotton goods are valued at $500,000 annually. the opportunity to interfere and led to the In 1905-6 the imports into Harrar, the commerAlgeciras Convention of 1906. Toward the close cial centre of the country, amounted to 4,046,100 of that year further and even more serious Abyssinian dollars (of about 50 cents each), disorders occurred, which the Sultan seemed and the exports from Harrar, 3,377,440 dollars. unable to suppress, and which culminated in the bombardment and the occupation (on August 7, 1907) of Casablanca by the French. The Sultan's position was rendered still more anomalous by the open opposition to him of his brother, Mulai Hafid, Viceroy of Southern Morocco, who, in August, 1907, proclaimed himself Sultan and headed an armed rebellion against the existing government. See MOROCCO. ABYSSINIA. A country in East Africa, bounded by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, British East Africa, Italian, British, and French Somaliland, and the Italian possession of Eritrea. Its area is estimated at 308,880 square miles, and its population at 8,000,000. The principal cities, with their populations, are: Addis Abeba, the present capital, 30.000; Harrar, 40,000; Gondar, 5000; Aksum, 5000; Adua, 3000; Sameré, 3000; Diré Dawa, a "boom town," founded in 1902, 4500; Ankober, 2000. The present residence of Menelek is Addis Alam, some 20 miles west of Addis Abeba. PRODUCTION AND COMMERCE. The native plants and agricultural products include coffee, cotton, sugar-cane, date-palm, grape-vine, wheat, barley, millet, hops, pepper, and tobacco. Abyssinia is the original home of the coffee plant, the Province of Kaffa and the environs of Harrar furnishing the greater part of the country's production, a good deal of which reaches the market as Mocha. Lately several Europeans have begun cotton culture on a large scale, and with pronounced success. Sericulture has also been started. There are practically no manufactures. The wild native cotton has been worked into soft fabrics for centuries. A saw The principal distributing centres are Harrar, Ankober, and Addis Abeba. At Harrar there are half a dozen large warehouses, which contain a great diversity of goods. Itinerant traders bring here produce from the interior and exchange it for sheetings, firearms, etc. COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. The roads are mere tracks, and goods are transported by means of mules, pack-horses, donkeys, and camels. The railway from the port of Jibuti, in French Somaliland, to Diré Dawa, in Abyssinia, 34 miles from Harrar, is 193 miles long, and was completed in December, 1902. The foreign commerce of Abyssinia passes mainly over this railway and through Jibuti, instead of, as formerly, through Zaila, in British Somaliland. A rough cart track has been constructed from Dire Dawa to Harrar, and camel and mule caravans pass over it daily. The trade of Addis Abeba, some 250 miles distant, passes mainly through Harrar. Addis Abeba is connected by telegraph with Harrar and Jibuti, and also with Massowa in Eritrea. In March, 1905, the National Bank of Egypt obtained a charter for the estab lishment of the Bank of Abyssinia, with a capital of £500,000. The bank has the privilege of minting the Abyssinian coinage, issuing legal tender bank notes, and engaging in all industrial, commercial, and financial transactions. It has branches at Addis Abeba and Harrar. GOVERNMENT. The political organization is feudal in character. The local chiefs have their own military retinues. The unity of the state is upheld mainly by the personal character of the present Negus, or King. The prin cipal political divisions are the Kingdoms of Tigré, Amhara, and Shoa. The army, consisting of the various feudal levies, is estimated at 150,000. The King in 1907 was Menelek II. HISTORY. The domain of King Menelek II has been recently safeguarded by the agreement of December 13, 1906, between France, Italy, and Great Britain. This agreement guaranteed the maintenance of the status quo and the policy of the open door. It also provided for the mutual interests of Great Britain and Egypt in the Nile Basin, of Italy in Benadir, Eritrea, Somaliland, and of France in the Somali Protectorate and in the regions traversed by the projected railway from Addis Abeba to Jibuti. In order to modernize the government and increase its efficiency, King Menelek, in October, 1907, decreed the formation of a cabinet on a European model, and provided for the appointment of Ministers of Commerce, Finance, Foreign Affairs, Justice, and War. He also issued a decree providing for the compulsory education of all male children over 12 years of age, the education to be provided by the state, and Coptic teachers to be brought from Egypt. ACADÉMIE FRANÇAISE, founded by Cardinal Richelieu in 1635 and reorganized in 1810, is the first in order and the most eminent of the five academies which constitute the Institute of France. It is the chief tribunal in all questions relating to the niceties of the French language, and to grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and the publication of the French classics. The membership is limited to forty, known as the "Forty Immortals," who are elected for life. The members receive an annual stipend of 1500 francs and, in addition, the six members of the dictionary committee receive each 1000 francs annually. The Académie annually distributes 12,000 francs in prizes alternately for poetry and eloquence, besides a number of smaller prizes. Four new members were elected in 1907. The Marquis de Ségur succeeded Rousse, Maurice Donnay succeeded Sorel, Maître André Barboux succeeded Brunetière, and Marcel Prévost succeeded Guillaume. The chairs left vacant at the deaths of Prudhomme, Theuriet, and Berthelot had not been filled up to the end of the year. Permanent secretary, Marie Louis Antoine Gaston Boissier. The present academicians and dates of their elections are: Emile Ollivier, 1870; Alfred Jean François Mézières, 1874; Marie Louis Antoine Gaston Boissier, 1876; Victorien Sardou, 1877; François Edouard Joachim Coppée, 1884; Ludovic Halévy, 1884; Othénin P. de Cléron Comte d'Haussonville, 1886; Jules Arnaud Arsène Claretie, 1888; Eugène Marie Melchior, Vicomte de Vogué, 1888; Charles Louis de Saulses de Freycinet, 1890; Louis Marie Julien Viaud (Pierre Loti), 1891; Ernest Lavisse, 1892; Paul Louis Thureau-Dangin, 1893; Paul Bourget, 1894; Henri Houssaye, 1894; Jules Lemaître, 1895; Jacques Anatole Thibault (Anatole France), 1896; Marquis Marie C. A. Costa de Beauregard, 1896; Louis Jules Albert Comte Vandal, 1896; Albert Comte de Mun, 1897; Gabriel Hanotaux, 1897; Henri Léon Emile Lavedan, 1899; Paul Deschanel, 1899; Paul Hervieu, 1900; Auguste Emile Faguet, 1900; Charles Jean Melchior, Marquis de Vogué, 1901; Edmond Rostand, 1901; Frederic Masson, 1903; René Bazin, 1903; Etienne Lamy, 1905; Alexandre Felix Joseph Ribot, 1906; Maurice Barrès, 1906; Cardinal François Désiré Mathieu, 1906; Marquis de Ségur, 1907; Maurice Donnay, 1907; Maître André Barboux, 1907; Marcel Prévost, 1907. ACTINOTHERAPY. See PHOтOTHERAPY. ACTIONS, LIMITATION OF. See LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. ADE, GEORGE. An American humorist and playwright, born in Kentland, Ind., on February 9, 1866. He graduated at Purdue University in 1887, was employed on the Morning News, of Lafayette, Ind., and wrote advertisements for a patent medicine until 1890, when he became connected with the Chicago Record. In this paper he conducted a department, "Stories of the Street," in which he first displayed his humorous vein, and here, too, in 1898, were published the first of his "Fables in Slang," which soon made him widely known. His first book was Artie (1895), and thereafter he published Fables in Slang (1899), More Fables (1900), The Girl Proposition (1902), People You Know (1903), Breaking Into Society (1903), True Bills (1904), and The Slim Princess (1907). His plays include The Sultan of Sulu (1902), The County Chairman (1903), The Sho-Gun (1904), The College Widow (1904), Father and the Boys (1907). ADEN. A peninsula and town near the southwest corner of Arabia, a British colony. Area, 75 square miles; population in 1901, 41,222 (28,180 males and 13,042 females). Attached to Aden are the island of Perim, at the entrance to the Red Sea, 5 square miles and 2752 inhabitants in 1901; the island of Sokotra, off the coast of Africa, 1382 square miles and about 12,000 inhabitants; the five Kuria Muria Islands, off the south coast of Arabia, ceded by the Sultan of Oman for the purpose of landing the Red Sea cable; and the British Aden Protectorate, comprising about 9000 square miles of the Arabian hinterland, with a population of about 100,000. The delimitation of the frontiers of the latter territory was completed by the British and Turkish Commissioners in 1905. The soil of Aden is unproductive and its importance lies solely in its position. It is an important coaling-station on the Suez route, and is strongly fortified. The trade is almost entirely for trans-shipment. The chief imports are cotton goods, grain and flour, petroleum, hides and skins, and tobacco. The chief exports are coffee, gums, civet, ivory, wax, and the articles mentioned under imports. For the fiscal year ending March 30, 1907, the imports amounted to $17,884,812, an increase of $955,353 over 1905-6, and the exports were $14,385,451, a decrease of $736,719. The decrease is ascribed to the rapid rise in commercial importance of the port of Hodeidah, in Yemen, and of the port of Jibuti, in French Somaliland. The value of imports from the United States rose from $1,337,083 in 1905-6 to $2,769,452 in 1906-7-over 107 per cent. The increase is entirely accounted for by increased imports of American cotton goods and petroleum. The former rose from $1,257,933 to $2,599,984, and the latter from $60,596 to $151,265. Other important sources of cotton goods were British India, with $937,215 worth in 1905-6 and $1,038,780 in 1906-7, and Great Britain, with $230,105 and $283,303 respectively. American petroleum has driven the Sumatra product entirely out of this market, and the small Russian importation, $13,055 worth in 1906-7, continues only ADEN because not enough American oil can be procured. The exports from Aden to the United States in 1906-7 amounted to $2,765,210, including skins, $2,288,183; coffee, $399,565; ivory, $62,111; civet, wax, chillies, and gum myrrh. The Protectorate and its dependencies are attached to British India, forming a part of the Bombay Presidency. The administration is in the hands of a Political Resident, who is also in command of the military force. This official was, in 1907, Major-General E. De Brath. ADULTERATION. See FOOD AND NUTRI TION. ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE, organized in 1848, has a membership of more than 5000, which includes the best known scientists of the country. A number of leading scientific associations are affiliated with the Association, which serves as a centre for their meetings. The Association meets in sections, which are: (a) Mathematics and Astronomy; (b) Physics; (c) Chemistry; (d) Mechanical Science and Engineering; (e) Geology and Geography; (f) Zoology; (g) Botany; (h) Anthropology and Psychology; (i) Social and Economic Science; (k) Physiology and Experimental Medicine; (1) Education. The annual meetings of the Association are held each time in a different city. The fiftyeighth, and the sixth of the "Convocation Week" meetings, convened at the University of Chicago, December 30, 1907, under the presidency of E. L. Nichols of Cornell University. The number of members officially registered for the meeting was 725. Members of affiliated societies not members of the Association registered to the number of 185. Many of the members did not register, however, for the attendance at the meeting was estimated at 2000. An important action of the Chemical Society was the organization of the industrial chemists into a Division of Industrial Chemistry and Engineering, and the undertaking of the publication of a special journal of industrial and engineering chemistry. At the meeting was read a letter from President Roosevelt inviting the body to attend a conference at the White House, May 13, 14, and 15, 1908, on the subject of the conservation of the natural resources of the country, which are being exhausted rapidly, wastefully, and in many cases permanently, and asking the co-operation of the Association in bringing the matter before the people. A resolution was passed to provide for a committee on the conservation of resources. Among other resolutions adopted were those with the following objects: The establishment by Congress of the Southern Appalachian and White Mountain National Forests; the encouragement of the National Bureau of Education; the establishment of a research laboratory at the Isthmus of Panama for the study of existing problems in tropical disease; a biological survey of the Canal Zone before conditions are permanently changed; the prevention of the extermination of the great marine invertebrata, especially the cetaceans and manatees, seals, green and other turtles on the coasts of the United States or in the high seas; the installation of seismographs in properly distributed stations in charge of the United States Weather Bureau, through appropriations to the Depart 3 ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Among the recommendations of the Committee on Policy were the following: That the annual volume thenceforth should omit addresses and abstracts and publish only the list of members, the constitution, and the business of the meeting; that the Committee of One Hundred on Public Health appointed by Section I should become a committee of the Association; that the application of the American Federation of Teachers of the Mathematical and Natural Sciences for affiliation with the Association be accepted. Important symposiums held at the joint sessions were on the subjects of "Co-operation in Biology," "Immunity," and "Public Health." Among the addresses of general or timely interest were: The address of William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, the retiring president, on "The Interdependence of Medicine and Other Sciences of Nature"; the address of the vice-president and chairman of Section C on "A Plea for the Broader Education of the Chemical Engineer"; the address of the vice-president and chairman of Section F on "The Mechanism of Heredity"; and the address of the vice-president and chairman of Section I on "The Influence of Friction in Economics." A discussion of general interest before Section I was on the subject of "The Panic of 1907, and the Monetary System of the Nation." ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE, founded in 1831, held its annual meeting at Leicester in 1907. President Sir David Gill, in his opening address, discussed exhaustively the progress of science in regard to stellar motion and the distribution of stars in space. He also reviewed the comparative state of astronomy in the northern and southern hemispheres and the relation of the science of accurate measurement to the solution of world problems. He suggested that a congress of astronomers should meet in 1908 to discuss the opposition of the planet Eros in 1931. He touched on the wonderful discovery that a great part of space is occupied by two grand streams of stars, traveling in opposite directions, which are alike in design, chemical construction, and process of development. Section A, Mathematics and Physics, the president, Professor A. E. H. Love, presented a dynamic theory of the determination of the earth's shape. A theory of the atom as composed of positive and negative charged parts forming an electrical structure, with the electron representing the active constituent, was discussed by Professor Rutherford, F. R. S., Lord Kelvin, Sir Oliver Lodge, Sir William Ramsay, and Mr. Soddy. In Section B, Chemistry, the president, Professor Smithels, F. R. S., dealt with the structure of flame. In Section C, Geology, was discussed the geology of the deeper layers of the earth. In Section D, Zoology, the president, Mr. W. E. Hoyle, treated of the cephalopoda. In Section E, Geography, the president, Mr. In |