is still worn chiefly by the natives on the coast, in the districts traversed by the railways and along some of the main caravan routes. It is still almost unknown to the bulk of the population, but is being gradually adopted by them as they come under the influence of civilisation. With the growth in the purchasing power of the natives and the opening up by the railway of the densely-populated regions in the north-west a large increase in the imports of cotton goods may be anticipated.

Corrugated iron.-This article plays a most important part as roofing material throughout the whole Protectorate. The bulk of the imports are of British manufacture, the German share in the trade being still comparatively small. There is every prospect that the demand will continue to increase.

Whisky. The imports of spirits of all kinds increased from 18,900l. in 1911 to 21,000l. in 1912, Germany's share (mostly goods transhipped at Hamburg) decreased by 900l., the United Kingdom's share increased by 2,350l. and the Netherlands' by about 600l. The imports from the United Kingdom are mostly whisky; from Germany and France come cognacs; and liqueurs from Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. Whisky and soda is seldom, if ever, drunk at table, but as an after-drink or an occasional refresher it continues to hold a foremost place, and there is no sign of diminution in the popularity of the Scotch brands. Irish and American whiskies are seldom seen, and German whisky makes apparently little progress in spite of its appeal to patriotism. The opinion appears to be gaining ground that whisky and soda is a more healthy drink for the tropics than beer.

Machinery.-The principal machinery imported for agricultural purposes consists of machines for separating sisal fibre, rubber cleaning, cotton ginning and pressing, rough-grinding mills, pumps, ploughs and machines for preparing rice. The greater portion of the imports come from Germany. There was a decline of 8,0501. in the value of the imports of agricultural machinery in 1912, due chiefly to the fact that no new plantations were opened in the northern district (Tanga's share declined by 7,1007.). There seems no good reason why the United Kingdom should not obtain a larger share in this trade, particularly when the plantations are more firmly established. At present most of the crops must be regarded as still in the experimental stage except sisal and rubber, of which the latter is suffering from the crisis in that trade, while the sisal plantations are being extended with caution to avoid over-production. The cotton-growing industry should afford an opening for motor ploughs in the future. There are said to be three in use in the Protectorate and about a dozen steam ploughs.

The imports included under the heading of " Industrial machinery " include machines used in the building and carpentering trades, in the three ice factories, in the brewery at Dar-es-Salaam, in saw mills, wagon making, rubber washing, sewing machines, printing, &c. Imports declined by 1,655l. in 1911 and increased by 7,2001. in 1912. The bulk of them came from Germany.

Ironware.-Imports include tools, hardware, hoes, bush knives for natives, wire, chains, screws, enamel and tinware, &c. . The decline shown in the statistical tables is due to a fall in the amount of implements imported in connection with railway construction, which were included under this heading. Other imports showed a steady increase. Imports from the United Kingdom consist of galvanised iron, locks, knives, &c. From India come cheap tin. boxes. Most of the other imports come from Germany.

Boots and shoes.-The imports declined from 73 tons in 1911, which were valued at 22,6521., to 44 tons, valued at 14,4791., in 1912. This decline is described in the official report as "accidental." The imports consist of articles intended for European wear and include light canvas shoes, mosquito boots, heavy boots for travelling, &c. Most of the above come from Germany. As the population of Europeans is still small and many bring boots from Europe or have them made locally by coloured bootmakers there is little prospect of any large expansion of this trade in the future, but the demand for boots for native wear is increasing. These are naturally very cheap articles, and the average price per pair in Dar-es-Salaam is 6s. 8d. They are more frequently worn in the interior than on the coast. Most of these imports come from the United Kingdom.

Copper and brass goods.-These consist principally of copper and brass wire in sizes 6, 7, 8, 18, 20 and 30 of the Birmingham wire gauge, which are used largely as articles of personal adornment by many native tribes. Imports, which decreased by about 3,1007. in 1912, come almost entirely from Germany. From India come cooking utensils of brass and copper, basins, knick-knacks, &c.

Bicycles.-Bicycles are used almost over the whole Protectorate, especially in districts where it is impossible to keep horses or mules. There are practically no automobiles in the country, most of the roads being unfit for the purpose except the short stretch from Mombo to Wilhelmsthal, which is an excellent motor road in spite of a steep gradient. The traffic on this road is handled by one car in daily use. Most of the bicycles, as well as the other light means of transport which are not of local manufacture, come from Germany.

Cement. The imports of cement have risen steadily in recent years, and will probably continue to do so in view of the construction of the branch railway line from Taborah to Ruanda. Practically all the imports still come from Germany, the United Kingdom's share being unimportant.

Preserves.-The demand for tinned provisions of all kinds is considerable and increasing. Not only are they indispensable for travelling, but they are largely used on the coast, where fresh fruit. and vegetables are difficult to procure. The United Kingdom's share in this trade amounted to 1,0547., an increase of 1131., and consisted principally of jams and marmalade. From Germany come no fewer than 20 varieties of preserved vegetables and 14 varieties of tinned fruits. Germany's share in the trade was 13,1367., including tinned fruits from America transhipped at German ports. The tinned meats come principally from Germany.

Tobacco. The imports of tobacco have risen steadily in recent years. Imports from the United Kingdom increased from 10 tons, valued at 1,599l., in 1911 to 34 tons, valued at 4,0291., in 1912. The imports from Germany are given as 16,2071., but as the imports of German manufacture consist of manufactures for European consumption the above figures must include large quantities of goods transhipped in Germany. They certainly include the cigars which are manufactured in the Netherlands. Imports for native consumption are important, as the natives are inveterate cigarette smokers. They generally smoke coarse tobacco made up into fresh cigarettes by the Indian or native dealer, which cost 2 hellers for five (100 hellers 1 r.), but large quantities of cheap packet cigarettes at the same price have been put on the market.

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Boundary regulations.-No expeditions for the purpose of settling boundary questions occurred in the year under report, but negotiations were concluded with the Portuguese Government respecting the islands in that portion of the River Rovuma which forms the boundary between German and Portuguese East Africa. The islands in the upper half of the river were allotted to Germany and those in the lower half to Portugal. The question of the rights of fishing, of the diversion of the water supply and of extracting salt were also adjusted.

In the districts of Langenburg and Muansa short extents of the boundary line between this Protectorate and the neighbouring British colonies were more accurately marked.

Peaceful attitude of the natives.-The attitude of the native population was peaceful and only in a few isolated cases were police measures necessary. The expedition against the Pretender Ndugutze, in Ruanda, was brought to a successful termination. Cases of attacks on caravans or traders by the natives did not occur.

Military and naval defences.-The number of European officers in the Protectorate troops was decreased by nine owing to certain re-arrangements, the chief of which was the abolition of the machinegun section, which also caused a decrease of 60 in the numbers of the native soldiers. The established strength of the troops is now 262 European officers and 2,472 natives. They comprise 14 companies, which are distributed over the Protectorate. There is a recruiting depôt and signalling company at Dar-es-Salaam.

The number of the native constabulary is now 2,140. This force is stationed at the depôt at Dar-es-Salaam and at 20 posts in the Protectorate, divisions of various strengths being assigned to the district commissioners.

In those localities where there is a European population rifle clubs have been formed, whose services would be of very great importance in the event of a native rising.

Administration. The present Governor, Dr. Schnee, assumed office on July 22, 1912.

For purposes of administration the Protectorate is divided into 24 districts controlled by commissioners, except in the cases of Ruanda, Urundi and Bukoba, where there are residents, and Mahenge

and Iringa, where the civil administration is still in the hands of the military authorities. The district commissioner (Bezirksamtmann) occupies a position between that of a British district commissioner and a provincial commissioner. The latter title does not exist in German East Africa, but with the growth of the work which devolves upon the district commissioners the feeling is gaining ground that the districts are too large and should be sub-divided. Should this be carried into effect it is probable that posts similar to those of provincial commissioners will be created.

The administration resembles that of a British Crown colony; it is carried out entirely by officials of the Imperial Government. A council on which the white settlers are represented meets twice yearly in Dar-es-Salaam, but its functions are of an advisory nature only.

Justice.-There were 353 criminal cases against Europeans in 1912 against 236 in the preceding year. The number of acquittals was 54. The number of assaults cases increased from 113 to 138, and consisted mostly of assaults on natives by their employers; 107 were punished.

In the native courts the number of criminal sentences increased from 17,443 to 18,868. The increase occurred chiefly in the number of minor sentences of less than six months' imprisonment. The number of executions was 20 as against 16 in the previous year, and sentences of over one year's imprisonment were pronounced in 368 cases as compared with 246 in 1911.

Slaves. 4,234 certificates of liberation were issued in 1912. This number shows an increase of 140 over that of the previous year. Of these freed slaves, 2,221 purchased their liberty, 1,729 were manumitted by their owners and 280 were officially declared free by the authorities. Four slaves obtained their freedom by the death of their masters or otherwise. Three persons were sentenced for kidnapping.

No cases of serious ill-treatment by masters of their slaves were brought to the notice of the authorities. The oft-considered question of abolishing slavery entirely on some fixed date is rendered difficult by the number of old and feeble slaves, who are supported by their owners and who would fall a burden on public charity if they were set free. The total number of household slaves in the Protectorate is estimated at 185,000. All children born of domestic slaves after December 31, 1905, have been declared free by an Imperial decree, and it is estimated that by 1930 slavery will in the ordinary course of events have ceased to exist in German East Africa. The cost of setting all slaves free at present would be about 400,000l. and in 1920 about 275,000l. The Government consider that this money would be uselessly spent, as little bene.icial change would result in the condition of the slaves, and the innovation would lead to great discontent, if not to actual revolt.

A few cases occurred in 1912 of slaves being smuggled into the Protectorate from the Belgian Congo and from the western portion of Uganda. The traffic in slaves over sea has entirely ceased

White population.-The white population increased from 1866 to (648)

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5,336. The increase, however, was only 470 against an increase of 639 in the previous year. The principal cause of this was the war in the Balkans, on the outbreak of which 156 Greeks, Turks, &c., left the Protectorate to return to their native homes. The number of adults in the Protectorate was 4,611, of whom 1,075 were females; the number of children was 725 against 708 in 1911. The chief increase was, as usual, among the German population-528.

The white population of the two largest towns was: Dar-esSalaam, 967 (703 males) and Tanga, 298 (252 males).

The distribution of the male population according to occupation was as follows on January 1, 1913 :—

*This number includes officials with military rank employed in the civil administration.

The number of births was 164, of deaths 123 and of marriages 71. The number of half-castes observed was 114.

Goanese. The number of Goanese was 636. They are partly the offspring of unions between Portuguese and Indians from Goa and partly descendants of the settlers in the period of Portuguese dominion over the east coast of Africa. There are no pure-bred Portuguese in the Protectorate. The Goanese are employed as traders, small merchants, clerks and skilled workmen.

Non-native coloured population.-The number of the coloured population other than native (the term "native" is used to include members of local tribes from the neighbouring colonies, e.g., Waganda, Manyema, &c.) was 14,898 against 14,933 in the previous year. The apparent diminution is due to the fact that the so-called Shirazi in the Kilwa district were this year included under the heading of natives, to which they properly belong. It is estimated that the non-native population really increased by several thousands. The number of Indians was approximately 8,700 (about 4,700 adult males) and of Arabs and kindred tribes 4,100. The Indians are partly Mohammedans, Meman, Thenashiri, Ismaili and Bohora, partly Hindus, Buddhist Sikhs, &c. There are also a few Indian Jews, mostly mechanics.

The Indian community, which has increased by some 4,000 in the last six years, is regarded with extreme dislike by the majority of the white population, and, to judge by the attitude of the Indians themselves, is not invariably accorded a sympathetic treatment by the authorities. With the exception of Goanese and Parsees (of whom there are practically none in the Protectorate), Indians are