Diana Fritillary (Argynnis diana Cram. Plate II, figures 1 and 2).-This well-known species belongs to the southern Appalachian region, with a range extending from Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia and South Carolina and westward to the Ozarks, being found in small numbers in southern Ohio and Indiana. The males and females have different markings, as the Plate shows.

Chlosyne lacinia Gey. (Plate II, figure 3).This species is found occasionally in Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. It belongs to the same general group as the Buckeyes, Wandering Commas, and Crimson-patches.

Heterochroa bredowi Hbn. (Plate II, figure 4). The range of this species is southern California and Arizona. It is closely related to some of the European butterflies. The larvæ feed on oak.

Euphydryas anicia Dbldy. & Hew. (Plate II, figure 5).-This butterfly, which lacks a common name, is found in the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific States. It is a close relative of our Eastern species, the Baltimore.

Compton Tortoise (Aglais j-album Bdv. & Le Con.-also known as Vanessa j-album. Plate II, figure 6).-This fair representative of the Tortoise-shell group of butterflies is found from Pennsylvania to Labrador in the East and to Alaska in the Northwest. Its larvæ feed upon willows.

Viceroy (Basilarchia archippus Cram. Plate II, figure 7).-The Viceroy gets its everyday name from the fact that it imitates the Monarch. It is found all over the United States as far west as the Sierra Nevada, and sparingly even to the north Pacific coast. The species has two families a year in the northern part of its range. The caterpillar of the autumn brood, when half grown, rolls a leaf, ties it fast to a twig with silk, and then makes a silk couch therein, in which it spends the winter. It feeds on the willow, poplar, aspen, and cottonwood. The Viceroy's mimicry of the Monarch, Anosia plexippus (see Color Plate IX, figure 12), affords a striking example of protection by imitation.

Melitaea neumoegeni Skin. (Plate II, figure 8). This butterfly is found in the mountains of southern California and in the Death Valley region. It belongs to the Checker-spot tribe, and its coloring departs from that of its closer relatives, which inhabit more colorful areas, and is as drab as the region it frequents.

Portia Butterfly (Anaea portia Fabr.-also known as Pyrrhanaea portia. Plate II, figure 9). This essentially tropical species occasionally wanders into the southern part of Florida. It is closely related to the Goat-weed Butterfly. Vanessa carye Hbn. (Plate II, figure 10).— This is a Pacific coast butterfly of the Tortoiseshell group. Its caterpillars live upon malva, hollyhocks, and low ground plants.

Leto Fritillary (Argynnis leto Behr. Plate III, figures 1 and 2). The males and females of this beautiful species have different markings and range the Pacific slope. The Leto is closely

related to the Great Spangled Fritillary of the East. The larvæ feed on violets.

Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta L. Plate III, figure 3).-A thorough-going cosmopolite, the Red Admiral is found alike in Europe, Asia, and North America, reaching as far south as Cuba and Guatemala. Its food plants include the nettle and the hop. This butterfly winters both as a chrysalis and as an adult, and the frayed, worn appearance of the latter is in painful contrast to the spick-and-span aspect of that which spends the winter as a chrysalid.

Gulf Fritillary (Dione vanillae L. Plate III, figure 4). The range of this species is from southern Virginia south and westward to Florida and California. Its food plant is the passionflower. It has a wing-spread of about three inches.

Buckeye (Junonia coenia Hbn. Plate III, figure 5). The Buckeye appears to be the only species of its genus which ventures outside the Tropics; its range extends from Cuba to Massachusetts and westward to the Pacific coast. In warmer areas there are three to four generations a year; in New England only one, and this hibernates as a butterfly. It loves the open fields, and its larvæ feed mainly on plantains and members of the figwort family. It is rather saucy and impudent to other butterflies.

Delila (Colaenis delila Fabr. Plate III, figure 6).-The Delila Butterfly is a tropical species which has ventured as far north as southern Texas.

Mourning-cloak (Aglais antiopa L.-also known as Vanessa antiopa. Plate III, figure 7). This species is known to nearly every lover of the out-of-doors in the North Temperate Zone. In England its popular name is the Camberwell Beauty. It is the largest of our butterflies which hibernate as adults. When the midwinter thaws occur, one is likely to see in open glades several dark-colored butterflies flitting from tree to tree or resting with expanded wings in sunny spots. These are Mourning-cloaks which have ventured out of their winter retreats, perhaps to die victims of the ensuing cold weather. The eggs are laid in masses circling the twigs of elms, willows, and poplars in late spring, and hatch in about two weeks.

Wandering Comma (Polygonia satyrus Edw. Plate III, figure 8).-This species deserves its name as a wanderer. It is found in the Rocky Mountains as far south as New Mexico, and westward to the Pacific from Santa Clara County, California, to Vancouver, British Columbia. It has also been found in Canada-in Ontario, around Montreal and Ottawa-and in Lewis County, New York. Its larvæ feed on stinging nettles.

Regal Fritillary (Argynnis idalia Dru. Plate III, figure 9).-Fresh from its pupal case, this lovely member of the Fritillary tribe shows a brilliant sheen of iridescence. It possesses a rather plump body and a wing-spread of about three inches. Having only one generation a year, each stage from egg to adult is more than usually long. Its range is from New England

to Nebraska, in the belt characterized by 50° Fahrenheit as the mean annual temperature. The eggs are laid on the under side of violet leaves, upon which its caterpillars feed, although the butterfly itself is partial to the nectar of joe-pye-weed, boneset, goldenrod, ironweed, and swamp milkweed.

Crimson-patch (Synchloe janais Dru. Plate III, figure 10).-This species is largely a tropical one. The northern limits of its habitat reach no farther than Texas, and it is more abundant in Mexico and Central America.

Orange Sulphur (Eurymus erytheme Bdv. Plate IV, figures 1, 2, and 3). The Orange Sulphur is essentially western in its habitat, though it has been noted in the region of Vancouver in the West, and the valley of the St. Lawrence in the East. The southern limits of its range extend from southern California to Mississippi. It is one of the butterflies which has females of two different types, as shown in the Color Plate.

Cloudless Sulphur (Catopsilia cubule L. Plate IV, figures 4 and 5).-The range of this species is from New England and Wisconsin to Patagonia. The region of its greatest abundance is tropical America, where it congregates in great swarms along streams. Other favorite haunts are the orange groves of Florida and Latin America. It will be noted that in the Cloudless Sulphur the female has different markings from the male.

Plate

Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rapae L. IV, figure 8). This species is an imported pest. It appears to have been first introduced into Quebec about 1860 and around New York about 1868. Within 30 years of the time of its introduction it has established itself all over the United States and Canada. Its coming has led to the practical extinction of two native species, the Gray-veined White and the Checkered White, both of which formerly fed on cabbage.

Dog's-head Butterfly (Zerene caesonia Stoll. also known as Meganostoma caesonia. Plate IV, figure 9).-This is another species belonging to the tribe of the Yellows. It gets its name from the markings on its wings, which are supposed to resemble a dog's head, although some insist that it looks more like a duck. The range of the species is from Pennsylvania and southern Wisconsin to the Gulf States and Central America, and the food plants of its caterpillars are false-indigo and clover.

Zerene Dog's-head Butterfly (Zerene eurydice Bdv. Plate IV, figures 10 and 13).-This is a Pacific coast species whose habits are es

sentially the same as those of the species immediately preceding.

Clouded Sulphur (Eurymus philodice Godt. Plate IV, figure 11).-Everybody knows this species, since no eye is so unobservant as not to have noticed great groups of them holding their little banquets around mud puddles in the road. If one examines the border of the puddle carefully after the butterflies have flown, he will discover the mud full of pinholes where the thirsty creatures have thrust their tongues. The Clouded Sulphur loves the sun. If heavy clouds obscure it, the thousands of butterflies hasten to hide beneath clover or down in the grasses in which they spend the night. Its range is from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River to South Carolina and westward to the Rocky Mountains. There are two forms of the female, the one substituting white where the other wears yellow.

Eurema proterpia Fabr. (Plate IV, figure 12). Mexico is the usual habitat of this butterfly, though it occasionally crosses the Rio Grande into Texas.

Blue Swallow-tail (Papilio philenor L. Plate V, figure 1).-During the summer months this butterfly is found in the Middle Atlantic States. It ranges from Massachusetts to Arizona and southward into Mexico. The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the Dutchmans-pipe and Virginia snakeroot.

Zebra Swallow-tail (Papilio marcellus Cram. -also known as Iphidicles ajax marcellus. Plate V, figure 2).-This early spring form is found almost everywhere in the eastern part of the United States, where its caterpillars can find their favorite food, the papaw. It ranges as far north as southern Michigan and in the South passes down to Florida.

Black Swallow-tail (Papilio polyxenes Fabr., form americus Koll. Plate V, figure 3; form asterius Cram., figures 5 and 6).-This butterfly is the adult of the well-known striped parsnip worm and is found generally throughout the eastern United States. The male and female are different in coloration. The form americus is a local race from Arizona and Mexico in which the yellow markings are broader..

Giant Swallow-tail (Papilio cresphontes Cram. Plate V, figure 4).-While a native of the South, this species is now spreading northward and has been found in Ontario. The orange growers of Florida consider its caterpillar a pest and complain of its ravages upon their trees. The larva is called the "orange dog."

Papilio mylotes Bates. (Plate VI, figures I and 6). This species belongs to a large group of brilliant butterflies the center of whose habitat is the Amazon Valley. Occasional members of the species wander as far north as our Gulf

coast.

Tiger Swallow-tail (Papilio glaucus L. Plate VI, figure 2; form glaucus, figure 3: form turnus, figure 5).-On the basis of its wide distribution, the Tiger Swallow-tail would make a lively candidate for our national butterfly. Although its metropolis appears to be in the wooded

forests of the Appalachian Mountains, its range extends from Canada to Key West and the Rio Grande. It affords an example of that form of dimorphism in which females hatched from the same lot of eggs take different colors, although the males always adhere to the one form. The caterpillars, having heads resembling those of serpents (see text, page 91), are found on a great variety of trees and shrubs, including tulip trees, birches, wild cherries, apples, poplars, and ashes.

Parnassian Butterfly (Parnassius smintheus Dbldy. & Hew. Plate VI, figure 4). The Parnassians are Alpine or arctic in habitat. P. smintheus is found in the high mountain regions from New Mexico to Montana and thence to the Pacific coast. The caterpillars resemble those of Papilios, but are darkly colored and are found wandering on the ground amid the scanty vegetation of their Alpine abode.

Heodes cupreus Edw. (Plate VII, figure 1).— This species is found in dry country, its favorite habitat being eastern Oregon and Wyoming.

Atala (Eumacus atala Poey. Plate VII, figure 2). This Southern form is found only sparingly in Florida and Cuba. The larva feeds on zamia, one of the few remaining cycads of the Coal Age. The butterflies are all tame and may be hand picked from flowers with a little

care.

Wanderer (Feniseca tarquinius Fabr. Plate VII, figure 3).-This little Copper is found all over the Atlantic States from Nova Scotia to the Carolinas. It also inhabits the Mississippi Valley. There is but the one species of this genus known. The larva feeds on the masses of white bark-lice found on alder bushes, greatly reducing the numbers of the lice. This is our only carnivorous butterfly.

Great Purple Hair-streak (Atlides halesus Hbn.-also known as Thecla halesus. Plate VII, figure 4).-The Great Purple Hair-streak is our largest Hair-streak species. It is very common in Central America and Mexico. Although a tropical form, it extends from California to Florida and occasionally occurs as far north as southern Illinois. Its larvæ feed on the mistletoe growing on oaks.

Hypaurotis crysalus Edw. (Plate VII, figure 5). This is a Western butterfly. It is found generally in California, Utah, and Ari

zona.

Philotes sonorensis Feld. (Plate VII, figure 6). This is a Southern butterfly whose range includes southern California and Mexico. It is prized for the curious red markings, so exceptional in one of the Blues.

Bronze Copper (Heodes thoe Bdv.-also known as Chrysophanus thoe. Plate VII, figures 7, 9, and 10).-This is a rare insect although it occurs in northern Illinois, Nebraska, Iowa, and the upper Mississippi Valley. It has two families a year, and winters as an egg. It finds both goldenrod and Canada thistle much to its liking.

Glaucopsyche lygdamus Dbldy. (Plate VII, figure 8). Although the exact range of this silvery blue butterfly is not known, it has been found in the Atlantic States from the upper waters of the Susquehanna to Georgia. In its northern range it reaches westward to Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

Strymon martialis H. S. (Plate VII, figure 11). The range of this butterfly is very limited; it is found only in southern Florida and the Antilles.

American Copper (Heodes hypophlaeas Bdv. Plate VII, figure 12).-These little butterflies are found in the Atlantic States. In the northern part of their range they are double-brooded, and in the southern part triple-brooded. It winters as a chrysalis. It is sorrel in color, matching the sorrel on which it feeds.

Strymon acis Dru. (Plate VII, figure 13).— Southern Florida is the favorite haunt of this butterfly.

Atalopedes campestris Bdv. (Plate VIII, figure 1). This butterfly was first found by Boisduval in California. Some authorities have considered it identical with, or at least a variety of, the Sachem or Velvet-spotted Skipper, Atalopedes huron, but Scudder declared that the specimens he examined would not permit of such a conclusion. At any rate, it is a very close relative of the Sachem, which ranges from the Catskills of New York to Florida and westward. Its larvæ feed on Bermuda grass, fastening together a number of blades and spinning in the cylindrical cavity thus formed silken webs which serve as retreats, from which they emerge only when feeding.

Arctic Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. also known as Pamphila palaemon and Pamphila mandan. Plate VIII, figure 2).—The range of this butterfly extends from southern Labrador south to the White Mountains and the Adirondacks, and thence westward to the summits of the Sierras in northern California and to southeastern Alaska. Its caterpillars feed on grasses.

Silver-spotted Skipper (Epargyreus tityrus Fabr. Plate VIII, figure 3).-The range of the Silver-spotted Skipper reaches from Quebec to Vancouver and as far south as the Isthmus of Panama. It has one generation annually in the North, and is double- or even triple-brooded in the South and within the Tropics. The caterpillar feeds on leguminous plants and is especially fond of wisteria and the locust tree.

Tessellated Skipper (Pyrgus tessellata Scud. -also known as Hesperia tessellata and Hesperia montivaga. Plate VIII, figure 4).-This, one of the commonest of the southern Hesperids, claims the whole of the United States for its range. Its caterpillars feed on hollyhocks, Indian mallows, and related plants.

Eurycides urania W. & H. (Plate VIII, figure 5). This beautiful butterfly is a tropical species, but on rare occasions individuals have been found within the southern borders of the United States.