THE NEW

INTERNATIONAL
ENCYCLOPEDIA

EDITORS

DANIEL COIT GILMAN, LL. D.
PRESIDENT OF JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY (1876-1901)

AFTERWARDS PRESIDENT OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON

HARRY THURSTON PECK, PH. D., L. H. D.

PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

FRANK MOORE COLBY, M. A

LATE PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS

IN NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

VOLUME XII

NEW YORK

DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY

1907

53.

Copyright, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907

BY DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY

All rights reserved

288848

PRESSWORK BY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A.

BINDING BY BOSTON BOOK BINDING Co., Cambridge, U. S. A.