between the Michigan and Illinois Colleges, serving in the latter during the fall and winter months. This arrangement was not consummated and for several years makeshifts of various kinds were made in the effort to continue agricultural instruction. "The regent and various members of the faculty gave assistance, such as it was, in class instruction." Professor Burrill continued to give instruction in horticulture. H. J. J. Detmers was lecturer in veterinary science and was succeeded in 1873 by F. W. Prentice. That year Charles W. Silver, a graduate of the university in 1872, who had studied agricultural science at the University of Halle, Germany, was appointed instructor in agricultural chemistry with the expectation that he would become professor of agriculture, but he resigned at the end of the year. Then in 1875 Doctor Miles became professor of agriculture and instructor in agricultural chemistry, at the double salary of $5,000. This arrangement lasted only one year.

The college of agriculture was organized with schools of agriculture and horticulture. The courses in these subjects had been lengthened to four years. In agriculture the technical and scientific subjects were arranged as follows: For freshmen, botany, chemistry, vegetable physiology, trigonometry, and surveying; for sophomores, agricultural chemistry (soils, plants, fertilizers, and foods), entomology, and zoology; for juniors, agricultural engineering and architecture, animal anatomy and physiology, animal husbandry, veterinary science, and landscape gardening; for seniors, rural economy, history of agriculture, and rural law. A 1-year farmers' course was also offered. In horticulture the course was the same as in agriculture, except that instead of instruction relating to field crops and animals, in junior year there was pomology, forestry, and landscape gardening, and in senior year floriculture, horticultural history, and rural law.

In 1876 George Espy Morrow (1840-1900) was elected professor of agriculture and became dean of the college of agriculture in 1878, serving in that capacity for 16 years. He was born in Warren County, Ohio, was educated at Maineville Academy and in law at the University of Michigan, and was a soldier in the Civil War. After several years' experience as editor of agricultural papers he became professor of practical agriculture at the Iowa State College. He was a very industrious worker and a man of very fine spirit. His long-time associate, Professor Burrill, has spoken of him as follows:

He was singularly gifted in many ways, and these included qualifications needful in the arduous and difficult work which he undertook to perform. He harmonized opinions, coordinated interests, gained the confidence and good will of those in authority and of others with whom he worked. Himself an editor in his earlier career, he secured a favorable attitude on the part of the agricultural press. He was unequaled at the time as a lecturer at home and abroad upon agricultural themes, and his devotion to his subject was limitless in time and boundless in endeavor (121).

Under Professor Morrow the general plan of the college course in agriculture was not altered materially, except that instruction in the elements of agriculture was brought down to the freshman year. Unfortunately his term of service at the Illinois college covered the period when economic, agricultural, and educational conditions were

not conducive to bringing any considerable number of students into the regular collegiate courses in agriculture.

The published statistics of the attendance of students in the agricultural department of the Illinois university during the first 20 years are somewhat difficult to interpret, but it appears that in 1871 there were 60 agricultural students and in 1876 there were 45. After the more formal organization of the College of Agriculture, it reported in 1879 only 17 students and in 1888 it had 23. Apparently these numbers included students in both agriculture and horticulture, for the number recorded in agriculture alone in 1882 was 4 as compared with 24 in horticulture, and in 1884 there were 10 in agriculture and 15 in horticulture. After the bachelor's degree began to be conferred by the university, one student in the college of agriculture received that degree in each of the years 1878, 1885, and 1888 and 3 in 1884. Among these were M. A. Scovell, Thomas F. Hunt, and Harry S. Grindley, who became members of the faculty of the university. Professor Scovell was afterwards for a long time director of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and Professor Hunt served as a professor of agronomy in the New York College of Agriculture at Cornell University, professor and dean in the Pennsylvania State College and Ohio State University, and dean of the College of Agriculture of the University of California.

In Illinois, as elsewhere, the foundations for a much broader work of agricultural instruction in college classes were being laid by efforts in other directions.

From its beginning the university undertook to establish agricultural and horticultural experiments on its lands at Urbana and set apart tracts for these purposes. In 1871 the trustees made an annual appropriation of $2,500 for the agricultural experiments. A plan was made for field experiments with cover and other crops, on the treatment of soils, and on the feeding of animals. A beginning of such experiments was reported in 1872 and further reports were made in succeeding annual reports of the university.

In 1875 experiments with silage were reported; sugar beets were also being tested. After Professor Morrow came, the experimental work was further systematized. Special attention was given to corn, but there were also experiments with other grains, sorgo for sugar making, crop rotation, steer feeding, etc. Experiments in horticulture, begun almost as soon as the university opened, were conducted by Professor Burrill. These included variety plantations of apples, pears, and other orchard fruits, small fruits, and ornamental plants. There was also a plantation of forest trees. He made valuable botanical studies and collections of the flora of the State and undertook investigations of plant diseases. In 1876 he reported the discovery of bacteria in great numbers in the blighting bark of pear and apple trees. Two years later he announced that through inoculations he had discovered that bacteria caused the disease and this was confirmed by him through more thorough investigations conducted later, the results of which were published in 1880.

Professor Weber made chemical studies of soils, sugar beets, sorgo, etc., and Professor Scovell also made studies in agricultural chemistry. Accounts of the experimental work at the university were published in its annual reports, particularly from 1880.

Through such work a considerable foundation was laid for the Illinois experiment station, which was organized at the university in 1888.

The agricultural extension work of the university began almost as soon as it was organized. Its first annual report contains an article of over 100 pages on Illinois agriculture, compiled from the replies of 34 farmers in different parts of the State. "Following the precedent of the Yale agricultural lectures" of 1860, the "First annual course of lectures and discussions" was held at the university January 12 to 22, 1869, and was attended by the students and many farmers. An account of this meeting, covering 240 pages, was published in the second report of the university. The following year 4-day courses for farmers, which were essentially farmers' institutes, were held at the university and at Centralia and Rockford. In 1871 the legislature appropriated $500 for such courses and they were held that winter in four places. Then they were called farmers' institutes, and five were held in 1872 and seven in 1873. The regent and members of the faculty often addressed other farmers' meetings and Professor Morrow was particularly active in this work. An institute held at the university in 1879 was well attended and an exhibit of animals from the university at the Fat Stock Show in Chicago in 1881 attracted much favorable attention. The management of the farmers' institutes was transferred to the State board of agriculture, but university officers participated in these meetings. In 1888 Professor Morrow attended 28 institutes and sent papers to 3 others.

Part 4. PREPARATION FOR LARGE UNDERTAKINGS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 1871-1900

The lack of a satisfactory body of agricultural knowledge with special reference to American conditions made the agricultural courses in the land-grant colleges during the first 25 years after the passage of the Morrill Act of 1862 unsatisfactory from a pedagogical point of view, and the methods of teaching, chiefly by textbooks and lectures, combined with the labor requirement, made them unattractive to students. Other causes, such as the economic depression of agriculture due to the rapid development of farming on virgin soils west of the Alleghenies and the demand for engineers and factory managers due to the building of railroads and industrial plants, led the development of these colleges to follow mainly scientific and engineering lines and turned the attention of the farm youth to pursuits other than farming.

Those who had been the chief promoters and supporters of the college land grant act of 1862 had expected that the colleges thus endowed would do much to advance agricultural knowledge by experimental work. After these colleges were established it was soon apparent that a large amount of such work would be required before a satisfactory body of agricultural knowledge which might be used in teaching would be available. The success of agricultural research in Europe, and to a certain extent in the United States Department of Agriculture, stimulated the colleges to a desire to undertake more work in this direction, provided funds could be obtained. They also began to realize that united action was very desirable in order to plan and conduct the work in the best way and without unnecessary duplication of effort. It would also aid them in securing more adequate financial support. Such motives as these led to the meeting of representatives of the land-grant colleges, at Chicago, in 1871, which has already been mentioned. (See p. 127.) This meeting started a movement which had three very important ultimate results: (1) Federal endowment of agricultural experiment stations under the Hatch Act of 1887, (2) further Federal endowment of the land-grant colleges under the Morrill Act of 1890, and (3) the formation of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in 1887.

THE CHICAGO MEETING OF 1871

The convention of friends of agricultural education at Chicago, August 24 and 25, 1871, was in pursuance of an invitation signed by representatives of 12 land-grant colleges and the agricultural college at Guelph, Ontario. The purpose of the meeting was stated as follows:

After correspondence with those more immediately interested it has been decided to call a convention of presidents of agricultural colleges, professors of

agriculture, or other persons in the United States or British Provinces, who are engaged or interested in promoting the art or science of agriculture by experiments in the field or laboratories, for the purpose of organizing, consulting and cooperating in the great work of advancing the cause of agricultural knowledge and education, especially by experimentation with similar crops under similar conditions at all the agricultural colleges (118).

Twenty-nine persons attended this convention, including the following representatives of land-grant colleges: J. M. Gregory, of Illinois; Manly Miles, of Michigan; D. C. Gilman, of Connecticut (Yale Scientific School); A. N. Prentiss, of New York; John Hamilton, of Pennsylvania; E. W. Hilgard, of Mississippi; W. W. Daniels, of Wisconsin; W. W. Folwell, of Minnesota; S. H. Peabody, of Massachusetts; A. S. Welch and I. P. Roberts, of Iowa; Joseph Denison, of Kansas; and G. C. Swallow, of Missouri. The Missouri Board of Agriculture was represented by its secretary, C. W. Murtfeldt, and there were also representatives of six farm papers. The convention was organized with J. M. Gregory, regent of the Illinois Industrial University, as president, and A. N. Prentiss, professor of botany at Cornell University, and John Hamilton, professor of agriculture at the Pennsylvania Agricultural College, as secretaries. There was much discussion at this convention about cooperation of the colleges in experimental work, and a committee brought in a plan which included experiments (1) to test variation of soil on adjacent plats, (2) planting of corn in hills and drills, and (3) uniform application of manures on adjacent plats. The relations of the schools of applied science to one another and to other institutions were also discussed and this led to a warm debate on the kind of education which the agricultural colleges should give, particularly as to the relative importance of science and practice in agricultural instruction.

W. C. Flagg, corresponding secretary of the board of trustees of the Illinois Industrial University, brought up the question of a permanent organization to meet from year to year or oftener for consultation in regard to experimental work and perhaps to go further and become "an organization of agricultural colleges and the technological schools." A committee appointed to consider this matter reported through E. W. Hilgard that such an organization at this meeting would be premature, but recommended that the officers be an executive committee to draft articles of association and call another meeting to consider them. There was a long discussion, during which suggestions were made that such an organization might be connected with the National Education Association or be confined to consideration of experiments, but the general sentiment seemed to favor a broader and separate organization. Mr. Flagg moved "that the object of the organization to be formed at this meeting shall be the advancement of the interests of industrial education by assembling together persons engaged in agricultural and mechanical experiments and education and with a view of disseminating industrial knowledge." Finally this motion was laid on the table with the understanding that the officers of the meeting would further consider the matter.

W. C. Flagg then offered a resolution that the examples of the European agricultural experiment stations "make us believe the establishment of not less than one such station in each of the several States of the Union would be eminently beneficial to the agricultural