cine and surgery, entomology, strength and preservation of materials, and practical agriculture; for seniors, English, drafting, astronomy, psychology, history, political science, constitutional law, architecture, building and building materials, entomology, landscape gardening, rural economy, and practical agriculture.

Two and three year courses were also offered.

Under the elective system "more than two-thirds of the students. in the first academic year received instruction in one or more agricultural branches, although but 30 devoted their entire attention to the subject."

After the retirement of Assistant Professor Spaulding there was a vacancy for a year in the department of practical agriculture. In 1871 Henry H. McCandless, who had been connected with the Royal Agricultural College at Glasnevin, Ireland, was appointed professor of agriculture and served until 1873. The separate office of farm superintendent was created. The course in agriculture was somewhat changed; the strictly agricultural subjects began with soils in the third term of junior year, and manures, farm implements, field crops, animals, farm management, buildings, and accounts were scheduled in senior year. Horticulture was an elective in sophomore and junior years. Professor McCandless was not well acquainted with American agriculture and was unable to adjust himself to the conditions then existing in the university. Interest in agricultural instruction declined during his term and in 1873 there were only seven students in agriculture.

Then Isaac P. Roberts was called from the Iowa Agricultural College as assistant professor of agriculture and was made full professor the following year. He arrived at Ithaca in January, 1874, and was much discouraged by the lack of interest at the university in its agricultural department. In his autobiography (315) he says that

*

in 1874 there were only three senior students in agriculture at Cornell University and a few strays to whom I gave an hour of instruction per day, five days in the week for the rest of that year * *. At that time the trustees had not much interest in the farm and did not know enough about it to appreciate my difficulties.

Because of the trouble they had had in managing the university farm the trustees had leased it to an ordinary farmer and it was in poor condition. It contained less than 100 acres of arable land and the livestock consisted mainly of 12 "miserable" cows. The barn erected by the former professor was not at all suitable for such a farm.

Professor Roberts had been brought up on a farm in western New York and was thoroughly acquainted with the agriculture of that region. He developed the university farm as well as he could with the means at his disposal, conducting it on a system of mixed farming with dairy husbandry as its most prominent feature. In 1880 he erected a large barn of a good type at a cost of $7,000 and he gradually brought in improved livestock. Besides managing the farm, he engaged in instructional work, which he has described as follows: From 1880 onward I lectured five times a week throughout the year and spent two afternoons in each week with my class in the fields or shops or barns. Beside this I gave one lecture a week to the students in veterinary science and three lectures per week and some laboratory work to the winter course students.

Following the plan begun in Iowa he sometimes took his students on tours of inspection of farms in different places.

The agricultural faculty was strengthened by the coming of John Henry Comstock as instructor in entomology in 1873, who was made professor of entomology in 1876, and by the employment of William Rane Lazenby, a graduate in agriculture at the university in 1874, first as instructor and in 1877 as assistant professor of horticulture, previous to his long service as head of that department in Ohio State University. Henry Hiram Wing, also a graduate of this college in 1881, served as assistant in dairying in the college before going to the University of Nebraska in 1884 as assistant professor of animal husbandry. In 1888 he came back to Cornell University as deputy director of the experiment station and for many years was professor of animal husbandry in the agricultural college, becoming emeritus professor after 40 years' service.

The 4-year course in agriculture in which Professor Roberts and his associates participated, as it was scheduled in 1881-82, included for freshmen, French or German, rhetoric, geometry, algebra, trigonometry, freehand drawing, hygiene, and general chemistry; for sophomores, French or German, analytical and agricultural chemistry, zoology, anatomy, botany, entomology, surveying, and one elective; for juniors, mechanics and physics, analytical chemistry, agricultural botany, vegetable physiology and histology, arboriculture, landscape gardening, entomology, veterinary science, and surgery; for seniors, agriculture (lectures and field work), botany, horticulture, geology, building materials and construction, American law, and one elective. There was also a 3-year course not leading to a degree. Beginning about 1885 special students were allowed to take limited courses without passing entrance examinations.

But in New York as elsewhere for a long time conditions within and without the university were not favorable for bringing many students into the College of Agriculture. The number ranged from 17 in 1874 to 36 in 1888. In the latter year there were 3 seniors, 8 juniors, 12 sophomores, and 13 freshmen. The total number of students in the university at that time was 1,211. In his annual report for 1891-92 President Adams described the College of Agriculture as almost purely a technical school. Its design is to educate young men to be farmers in a large sense of the term, or to be teachers of some one of the branches of agriculture in an agricultural college. Professors in the College of Agriculture, with two exceptions, devote most of their time to giving instruction to students not enrolled in that course. 串 * * Our function in the College of Agriculture seems to have been very largely to educate professors and teachers, and notwithstanding the smallness of the number of students enrolled in the college it is probable that no other department in the university can now show so large a list of alumni who have risen to distinction in their respective vocations.

Among the graduates of this college during the first 20 years were D. E. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and A. M. Farrington, assistant chief of that bureau; Clinton D. Smith, head of the department of agriculture of the Michigan Agricultural College; and Veranus A. Moore, director of the State Veterinary College at Cornell University. It is also interesting to note that L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, graduated in a scientific course at the university in 1877.

The department of veterinary science was separated from the College of Agriculture in 1896 and became the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University. In a similar way a State college of forestry was established there in 1898 and afterwards transferred to Syracuse University. In 1904 the State took over the College of Agriculture and provided for its equipment and maintenance but left it at Cornell University.

Experimental work on the college farm was begun soon after Professor Roberts came to the university in 1874 and in 1879 this and related work was organized as an experiment station, under a board of control consisting of the faculty of the College of Agriculture and representatives of the State agricultural society, the State grange, and six other farm organizations. Professor Roberts was president of the board and Professor Caldwell was director of the station.

The only special fund which the station had at first was $250 contributed by Miss Jennie McGraw for the printing of the report. In 1881 the trustees of the university appropriated $1,100 for the station, and this was followed by $1,145 in 1882 and $750 in 1883.

Three reports were issued by the station before it was reorganized under the Hatch Act in 1888. The first report, issued in 1880, gives an account of field experiments by Professor Roberts with wheat, corn, oats, grass, and mangel-wurzels. Some of these experiments were begun in 1874. There were also reported experiments by Professor Caldwell with fertilizers on corn and with cows with reference to the influence of the ration on the composition of milk; experiments in dairying, including some on the curing of cheese, by S. M. Babcock; experiments in horticulture and investigations in entomology and in agricultural chemistry. Work in the same general lines was described in the succeeding reports.

Members of the agricultural faculty almost from the beginning addressed meetings of farmers to a limited extent. Professor Roberts was particularly active in this direction and kept in close touch with the State agricultural society and other farm organizations. Under the leadership of Professor Roberts and J. S. Woodward, of Lockport, the first farmers' institute in New York was held at the university February 16 to 18, 1886. It asked the State agricultural society to assume responsibility for future institutes. Several were successfully held by the society during the following winter with the result that the legislature made an appropriation for their continuance. From this time members of the agricultural faculty were prominent in the institutes.

ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY (UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS)

Illinois accepted the provisions of the Morrill Land Grant Act February 14, 1863, and received scrip for 480,000 acres. Then a bitter controversy ensued regarding the disposal of this grant within the State. Some favored its distribution among several agricultural colleges and others desired to have it all given to some existing institution. Meanwhile the followers of Jonathan B. Turner were active in promoting the establishment of an industrial university which should receive all the Federal land grant.

In 1863 several existing colleges attempted to get a share of the land-grant fund, but under Turner's leadership action on this fund

by the legislature was deferred until 1865. During this interval those who favored an industrial university were very active through lectures, press articles, and resolutions at agricultural, horticultural, educational, and industrial meetings. The State teachers' association and the State agricultural and horticultural societies favored one institution. In July, 1864, Governor Yates was persuaded to appoint a commission to report plans for dividing the land-grant fund between an agricultural college centrally located and a mechanical college in Chicago. So much opposition from the farmers was aroused by this action that the governor disbanded the commission before it had taken action. However, when committees representing the agricultural organizations met at Springfield December 6, "a large and influential delegation from the mechanics of Chicago came to this meeting and presented arguments for a mechanical school. Then Turner and a few of his friends drafted a bill which provided for the use of the land-grant fund by a single university whose location was to be determined by a commission. This bill was introduced in the house January 10, 1865, and during consideration there was amended so as to locate the university at Urbana, Champaign County, and to give the trustees authority to establish a mechanic arts department in Chicago, and an agricultural department in southern Illinois. The amended bill passed the house but was defeated in the senate.

For the origin of the movement to locate the university at Urbana it is necessary to go back to January, 1859, when a company which was attempting to establish seminaries in different parts of Illinois sent a representative to that town. The company proposed to purchase 200 acres of land between Urbana and West Urbana (in 1860 named Champaign) and to erect a substantial building. The land not needed for the school would be divided into lots and sold. Committees from the two towns assisted in securing the land and in getting subscriptions to the company's stock. Eight acres were set apart for the seminary and the construction of a building was begun. In January, 1861, a memorial signed by 62 citizens of the two towns was presented to the legislature asking that an agricultural seminary and bureau be established in Champaign County, and given a portion of the tax fund from the Illinois Central Railroad. The legislature on February 21, 1861, granted a charter for the Urbana-Champaign Institute, as "a seminary of learning comprehending an agricultural or other departments as the public may demand." No State aid was given to this institution. The Civil War brought financial difficulties and work on the seminary building was suspended. After the passage of the land grant act the project to use this building for the agricultural and mechanical college was revived. The board of supervisors of Champaign County passed resolutions May 4, 1864, asking the legislature to locate such a college in that county and entered into negotiations to purchase the seminary property if the legislature granted their request. They also sought the aid of the Illinois Central Railroad, provided a fund to be used in securing the location of the college and asked authority to borrow money and issue bonds to complete this transaction. Their agent visited Springfield December 6, 1864, conferred with the farmers' committee advocating the industrial university, and brought about the amendment

to their bill which located the university at Urbana. A joint committee of the legislature visited Urbana January 21, 1865, and reported favorably on the offer of Champaign County, which included the completed seminary building and grounds and 100 acres of land. In September, 1865, the executive board of the State agricultural society decided to call a convention of agriculturists, mechanics, and manufacturers at Bloomington to consider measures for the location of the land-grant college. This convention met December 14, 1865, and through a committee of which Turner was chairman adopted resolutions favoring "one university of the highest order" to receive all of the congressional grant and "the general principles adopted and approved by all parties at the last session of the legislature." A later resolution provided for a committee to revise the bill presented at the last session of the legislature and get pledges from candidates for the next legislature to support this bill.

Presidents of existing colleges in the State had a meeting in Chicago in October, 1865, and passed resolutions favoring division of the land-grant fund among institutions in different parts of the State.

In September, 1865, the supervisors of Champaign County decided to submit to the people a proposition to bond the county for $100,000 to purchase the seminary building and a farm for the industrial university and to bear other expenses necessary to secure the location of the university in this county. The people approved this proposition by a vote of 4,601 to 1,085. C. R. Griggs was elected representative to the legislature from that district with the understanding that he would push the university measure. A lobby from Champaign County was established at Springfield when the legislature met and an active propaganda involving the use of considerable money was carried on. When it became clear that the interest at the legislature would center chiefly in the location of a single university other counties took action to secure consideration. Definite offers were finally made on a financial basis from Morgan, McLean, and Logan Counties. Turner was especially interested in the offer from Morgan County, which involved the use of Illinois College at Jacksonville, where he had formerly taught. The McLean County proposition was for a site adjoining the Normal University.

A joint committee of the legislature which visited the four counties in February, 1867, reported the value of the offer as follows: Cham. paign, $285,000; McLean, $470,000; Logan, $385,000; and Morgan, $315,000, or including the Illinois College property, $419,000. But the thorough organization and persistent efforts of the Champaign County forces prevailed and the legislature located the university at Urbana.

Two acts regarding the university were passed in 1867. The first was an act of January 25, 1867, which provided—

That any county, city, township, or incorporated town of said State, may, by taxation, as well as by voluntary subscription of its citizens, raise a fund to secure the location of said university at any point whatever; and any other corporation in this State may make bids and subscription for the purpose of securing said location at any point whatever (117).

The second was the act of February 28, 1867, for the organization and maintenance of the Illinois Industrial University. Under this act the general management of the university was vested in a board

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