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tively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.

5. And be it further enacted, That the grant of land and scrip hereby authorized, shall be made on the following conditions, to which, as well as to the provisions herein before contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be signified by legis lative acts:

First-If any portion of the fund invested, as provided by the foregoing section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall, by any action, or contingency, be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undiminished; and the annual interest shall be regularly applied without diminution to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, except that a sum, not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount received by any State under the provisions of this act, may be expended for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms, whenever authorized by the respective Legisla tures of said States.

Second-No portion of said fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings.

Third-Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions of this act, shall provide, within five years, at least not less than one college, as prescribed in the fourth section of this act, or the grant to such State shall cease; and said State shall be bound to pay the United States the amount received of any lands previously sold, and that the title to purchasers under the State shall be valid.

Fourth-An annual report shall be made regarding the progress of each college, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their cost and results, and such other matters, including State industrial and economical statistics, as may be supposed useful; one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all the other colleges which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior.

Fifth-When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised to double the minimum price in consequence of railroad grants, they shall be computed to the States at the maximum price, and the number of acres proportionally diminished,

THE AMENDMENT TO THIS ACT.

529

Sixth-No State, while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States, shall be entitled to the benefits of this act.

Seventh. No state shall be entitled to the benefits of this act, unless it shall express its acceptance thereof by its legislature within two years from the date of the approval by the President.

6. And be it further enacted, That land scrip issued under the provision of this act, shall not be subject to location until after the first day of January, 1863.

87. And be it further enacted, That land officers shall receive the same fee for locating land scrip issued under the provisions of this act, as is now allowed for the location of military bounty land warrants under existing laws. Provided, Their maximum compensation shall not be thereby increased.

8. And be it further enacted, That the Governors of the several States to which scrip shall be issued under this act, shall be required to report annually to Congress all sales made of such scrip until the whole shall be disposed of, the amount received for the same, and what appropriation has been made of the proceeds. Approved July 2, 1862.

THE AMENDMENT TO THIS ACT.

AN ACT to amend the fifth section of an act entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide Colleges for the benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts," approved July two, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, so as to extend the time within which the provisions of said act shall be accepted and such colleges established.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That the time in which the several States may comply with the provisions of the act of July two, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled "An act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts," is hereby extended so that the acceptance of the benefits of said act may be expressed within three years from the passage of this act, and the colleges required by the said act may be provided within

five years from the date of the filing of such acceptance with the commissioner of the general land office. Provided, That when any Territory shall become a State, and be admitted into the Union, such new State shall be entitled to the benefits of the said act of July two, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, by expressing the acceptance therein required within three years from the date of its admission into the Union, and providing the college or colleges within five years after such acceptance, as prescribed in this act. Provided, further, That any State which has heretofore expressed its acceptance of the act herein referred to, shall have the period of five years within which to provide at least one college, as described in the fourth section of said act, after the time for providing said college, according to the act of July second, eighteen hundred and sixty, two, shall have expired.

Approved July 23, 1866.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE LANDS TO THE SEVERAL STATES.

The following table, from the Report of the Department of Agriculture, for 1867, shows the number of acres which should fall to each State under the law, with other facts of value for future reference:

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California

Connecticut.

240,000
150,000

5 150,000 March 31, 1866 March 31, 1866 Agricultural, Mining, and 6 180,000 June 24, 1863 June 24, 1863 Sheffield Scientific School ei

Mechanic Arts College. Yale College, New Haver 17, 1867 March 14, 1867 Delaware State College,

Delaware

3 90,000 Feb.

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Newark.

28, 1867 Illinois Industrial Univer sity, Urbana, Champaign County.

Indiana Agricultural College.

11, 1862 March 29, 1866 State Agricultural College

and Farm, Ames, Story County.

16, 1863 State Agricultural College,

Manhattan.

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Minnesota....

Mississippi.

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Missouri..

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Nebraska.

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90,000 March 9, 1865)

New Hampshire...

5

150,000 July

9, 1863 July

New Jersey..

7 210,000 March 21, 1863 April

Lansing.

4 120,000 March 2, 1865 January, 1868 Agricultural College of

Minnesota, with State
University, St. Paul.

9, 1866 New Hampshire College of Agriculture (Dartmouth College), Hanover.

4, 1864 Rutgers' Scientific School and Rutgers' College, New Brunswick.

990,000 May 14, 1863 April 27, 1865 Cornell University, Ithaca.

1, 1863 April 13, 1854 Agricultural

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13, 1865

90,000 October 9, 1862

780,000 May

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College of

Pennsylvania, Center
County.

Scientific School of Brown
University, Providence.

22, 1864 University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, Burlington.

7, 1867 Agricultural College of West Virginia, Morgantown.

12, 1866 University of Wisconsin (College of Arts), Madi

son.

From the foregoing table it will be seen that a large majority of the States have, nominally at least, availed themselves of the benefits of the act of Congress. It is greatly to be regretted that the measures contemplated by the framers of the law have been, in many cases, carried out so imperfectly, or not at all.

CHAPTER XLVII..

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EDUCATION.

ITS SCOPE AND AIM.

It is a fair presumption that Agricultural Schools were intended to benefit the present as well as the future farmer. To secure either of these ends, constant series of experiments must be carried on. The professors, also, should be men of more than ordinarily broad and comprehensive minds and acute faculties, for the reason that they have not simply one science to deal with, but many. It is their province to investigate as well as to teach. They should be working professors, who in the field can elucidate what they have taught in the halls or laboratory. If this combination of faculties can not always be found, then the working professors must take the students just where the theoretical one left them; and this, day by day. The farm is the laboratory where problems propounded in the halls must be worked out. The soil is nature's great laboratory where the elements are formed into grass, timber, grain, vegetables, fruits, fibers, and flowers. So also the animals of the farm are laboratories for the conversion of grass, grain, vegetables, etc., into flesh for the sustenance of man.

Agriculture consists primarily of chemical changes and transformations which result in elaborating from the ele

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