GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. GILBERT GROSVENOR, President O. P. AUSTIN, Secretary JOHN JOY EDSON, Treasurer JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Vice-President FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Chairman Committee on Research EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER Assistant Editor CHARLES J. BELL GILBERT GROSVENOR, EDITOR J. R. HILDEBRAND, Chief of School Service President American Security and JOHN JOY EDSON Chairman of the Board, Washington Loan & Trust Company DAVID FAIRCHILD In charge of Agricultural Explorations, U. S. Department of Agriculture C. HART MERRIAM Member National Academy of O. P. AUSTIN Statistician GEORGE R. PUTNAM Commissioner U. S. Bureau of GEORGE SHIRAS, 3D E. LESTER JONES Director U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey BOARD OF TRUSTEES WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Military Intelligence Division, C. M. CHESTER Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- J. HOWARD GORE Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The THEODORE W. NOYES JOHN FOOTE, M. D. Professor of Pediatrics, George- JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE Associate Editor National Geo- FRANKLIN L. FISHER Chief of Illustrations Division ORGANIZED FOR "THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE" TO carry out the purposes for which it was founded forty years ago the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge. ARTICLES and photographs are desired. For material which the Magazine can use, generous remuneration is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage. IMMEDIATELY after the terrific eruption of the world's largest crater, Mt. Katmai, in Alaska, a National Geographic Society expedition was sent to make observations of this remarkable phenomenon. Four expeditions have followed and the extraordinary scientific data resulting given to the world. In this vicinity an eighth wonder of the world was discovered and explored-"The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes," a vast area of steaming, spouting fissures. As a result of The Society's discoveries this area has been created a National Monument by proclamation of the President of the United States. AT an expense of over $50,000 The Society sent a notable series of expeditions into Peru to investigate the traces of the Inca race. Their discoveries form a large share of our knowledge of a civilization waning when Pizarro first set foot in Peru. THE Society also had the honor of subscribing a substantial sum to the expedition of Admiral Peary, who discovered the North Pole. NOT long ago The Society granted $25,000, and in addition $75,000 was given by individual members to the Government when the congressional appropriation for the purpose was insufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia trees of California were thereby saved for the American people. THE Society is conducting extensive explorations and excavations in northwestern New Mexico, which was one of the most densely populated areas in North America before Columbus came, a region where prehistoric peoples lived in vast communal dwellings and whose customs, ceremonies, and name have been engulfed in an oblivion. TO further the important study of solar radiation in relation to long-range weather forecastings, The Society has appropriated $60,000 to enable the Smithsonian Institution to establish a station for four years on Mt. Brukkaros, in Southwest Africa. Copyright, 1928, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C., in the United States and Great Britain. CONTENTS Across the Midi in a Canoe: Two Americans Paddle Along the Canals of Southern France from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. By MELVILLE CHATER_. Air Conquest: From the Early Days of Giant Kites and Birdlike Gliders, the National Geographic Society Has Aided and Encouraged the Growth of Aviation--- Altitudinal Journey Through Portugal, An: Rugged Scenic Beauty, Colorful Costumes, Black Hills (South Dakota), Once Hunting Grounds of the Red Men, The--- Color Records from the Changing Life of the Holy City (Jerusalem). Color insert. XXIV plates (from Autochromes Lumière by MAYNARD OWEN WILLIAMS_ East of Suez to the Mount of the Decalogue: Following the Trail Over Which Moses Led the Israelites from the Slave-Pens of Egypt to Sinai. By MAYNARD OWEN Friendly Crows (Indians) in Festive Panoply, The. PAGE 567 305 369 VIII plates (from 314 Color insert. Geography of Money, The. By WILLIAM ATHERTON DU PUY.. Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, The: Since White Man's Discovery This Mighty River Has Served Him Well, Yet It Has Brought Widespread Devastation Along Its Lower How Latin America Looks from the Air: U. S. Army Airplanes Hurdle the High Andes, 451 In Smiling Alsace, Where France Has Resumed Sway-- 168 In Smiling Alsace, Where France Has Resumed Sway. Color insert. VIII plates (from 168 Navigating the Norge from Rome to the North Pole and Beyond: The Designer and Pilot Our Transatlantic Flight. By COMMANDER RICHARD EVELYN BYRD, U. S. Navy (Ret.)-- 347 Pageant of Jerusalem, The: The Capital of the Land of Three Great Faiths Is Still the 177 Holy City for Christian, Moslem, and Jew. By MAJOR EDWARD KEITH-ROACH, O. B. E. 635 Pathfinder of the East, The: Setting Sail to Find "Christians and Spices," Vasco da Gama Met Amazing Adventures, Founded an Empire, and Changed the History of Western Rainbow Portraits of Portugal. Color insert. XVI plates (from Autochromes Lumière Round About Liechtenstein: A Tiny Principality Which the Visitor May Encompass in a Single View Affords Adventurous Climbs Among Steep Pastures and Quaint Villages. Sicily: Island of Vivid Beauty and Crumbling Glory. 432 Sicily: Island of Vivid Beauty and Crumbling Glory. Color insert. XVI plates (from Sindbads of Science: Narrative of a Windjammer's Specimen-Collecting Voyage to the 432 I Stalking the Dragon Lizard on the Island of Komodo. By W. DOUGLAS Burden- Who Treads Our Trails? A Camera Trapper Describes His Experiences on an Island in 331 |