(8) condemn excesses against Jews in Soviet Russia; (9) favors recognition of Soviets; (10) urge lifting of embargo and resumption of commercial relations with Soviet Russia.

F. Condemn pogroms against Jews in Ukrania.

G. Condemn excesses against Jews in Hungary.

H. Acceptance of the Armenian mandate by the United States: (1) In favor of; (2) against.

1. Criticize French imperialism.

XXXII. United States passport system:

A. Against the passport system in the United States as a permanent institution (smacks of autocracy-reactionary against personal liberty).

B. In favor of the passport system as a temporary war measure.

C. Against bureaucratic government.

XXXIII. Bonus for the war veterans:

A. In favor.

B. Against.

XXXIV. High cost of living:

A. Urge Government to strive to bring about a reduction in the cost of living. B. Condemn employment of artificial means for keeping prices up (profiteering, etc.).

C. Approve of the establishment of cooperative stores by workers to combat high cost of living.

D. Criticize inactivity of Congress in reducing high cost of living.

XXXV. Housing situation:

A. Urge need for legislation to remedy acute housing situation.

B. Approve of and praise the work of the Lockwood Housing Committee of New York.

C. Condemn the conspiracy of the trusts and trades to keep up prices of housing material.

D. Condemn profiteering landlords.

XXXVI. Taxes:

A. Urge reduction.

B. Against transferring burden from the rich to the poor.

C. Consolidation of war debts and bonds (Congressman Fordney's proposal): (1) In favor; (2) against.

XXXVII. Greet the establishment of republics in other countries:

XXXVIII. Capitalism:

A. Deplore strengthening of the trusts.

B. Condemn the capitalistic system and its methods.

C. Criticize biased accounts in capitalistic press (exaggerated accounts, withholding of news, etc.).

XXXIX. Criticize wealthy Americans for bowing before royal personages. XL. Urge amnesty and aid to political prisoners.

XLI. Against destruction of forests in United States.

XLII. Protest against un-American acts and methods of public officials:

A. Against excessive use of funds in primary or election campaigns.

B. Protest against un-American acts and methods of public officials, terrorism, hysteria, false arrests, etc., thereby compromising American traditions.

XLIII. World organization:

A. Urges the organization of a league of nations.

B. Criticize present league:

(1) Against domination of the great powers-urge wider representation to smaller nations; (2) Ineffectiveness, as shown by inability to get leading nations to disarm; (3) "League of victors, not of nations."

C. Discuss matters which have come up before the League of Nations for decision.

D. Express hope that she will, and urge the United States to, join the League of Nations.

E. Praise President Wilson's attitude and efforts regarding League of Nations (his moral perseverance).

F. Criticize Argentina for withdrawing from the League of Nations.

G. Urges America to assume leadership and responsibilities in world affairs. H. Criticize United States Senate's attitude toward the ratification of the treaties resulting from the Washington conference.

XLIV. Favor the internationalization of the Panama Canal:

XLV. Urges repeal of war legislation.

XLVI. Disarmament:

A. Criticizes increase in armaments by (1) United States of America; (2) England; (3) Japan.

B. Urges decrease in armaments: (1) Stop further building of battleships (Borah resolution); (2) Advocate education leading to disarmament.

XLVII. Uphold personal liberty:

A. Against blue laws.

XLVIII. United States Diplomatic Service:

A. Advocate thorough training for the members of our diplomatic corps, so that they may be able to stand up well against foreign diplomats.

B. Advocate the payment of higher salaries to make it unnecessary for rich only to accept posts.

XLIX. Discussion of world situation:

A. General-Economic or social conditions; or political events in different countries, etc.

B. With special reference to the Jews.

L. Urge Jewish boys and girls to enter vocational and manual schools and not to overcrowd the professions.

LI. Point with pride to share which Jews have had in developing the resources of this country.

LII. Express satisfaction at signs of fair treatment of Jews by foreign countries (as Rumania, Bulgaria, etc.).

LIII. Discuss peace treaties entered into by United States and other countries (January, 1912).

LIV. Urge that efforts be made to bridge the gap between foreign-born parents of Jewish extraction and their native children; favor nationalization of the telegraph (January, 1912).

LV. Urge passage of the law requiring the determination of war to be left to a vote of the people.

LVI. Criticism of administration of the law-partial to rich, etc. (example, Thaw case).

2. Reclassification of mass of problems. It has been deemed advisable to reclassify the multifarious topics disclosed in the above table and to focus them around the following minor and major themes or categories, depending upon the general scope and specific character of the issues raised:

I. American issues: A, Americanization; B, governmental; C, economic; D, cultural and sociological; E, personal.

II. Specifically Jewish group issues; A, culural and sociological; B, philanthropic; C, group discrimination, oppression, etc.; D, personal; E, palestine.

III. World issues: A, general, international relations, ethical ideals of universal application; B, particular, conditions in foreign countries.

For

While the classification of the themes into major and minor groups was fairly rigid, there is present a certain degree of flexibility. The same topic or "editorial point" was occasionally placed under one or another of the categories, depending upon the angle of approach or point of view from which it was discussed. an example, an editorial dealing with the League of Nations was usually placed under Category III-A (world issues: General, international relations; as, 43Bi, Against the domination of the great powers in the league-urge wider representation to smaller nations" (any Yiddish newspaper during December, 1920). But, if the League of Nations was discussed in the editorial from the point of the United States Senate's or the President's attitude toward it, then this particular editorial was assigned to Category I-B (American issues, governmental); as 43-E, "Praise President Wilson's attitude and efforts regarding the organization of the League of Nations" (in the Tog of May, 1920.)

1

In some instances, editorial points might have been arbitrarily assigned to one or another of the two minor categories, in which case it was ultimately to be included. For an example, an editorial criticizing or extolling some American institution or a branch of our Government was placed under I-A (American issues, Americanization), if the purpose of the editorial writer seemed to have been to influence thereby the immigrant readers' attitudes toward America; as, when this theme was introduced casually in connection with an editorial in which the alien readers are urged to become naturalized. It was included under Category I-B (American issues, governmental), however, whenever the apparent purpose of the writer seemed to have been merely to discuss, criticize, or extol an American institution or an act of some branch or representative of our Government.

B. Frequency of treatment of specific topics.-How frequently do the Yiddish press editorials deal with each specific topic, and how is the content distributed among the major and minor categories outlined above? In the following tables the major results regarding these two questions are presented.

A detailed analysis of the distribution of the entire volume of the editorial content among the various major and minor categories shows that, out of a total of 2,064 editorial points, 1,330, or 64.4 per cent, deal with general American issues; 543, or 25.9 per cent, deal with problems of a specifically Jewish nature; and 200, or 9.7 per cent, deal with world questions, which concern some foreign country in particular or which affect all peoples. It is evident from these facts that the proportion of editorials dealing with Jewish group issues is only slightly above one-quarter of the total, and but two-fifths as large as the group devoted to general American issues.

The editorials dealing with governmental questions constitute by far the largest minor category, the total for this single group exceeding that of all the categories dealing with the Jewish group and world issues, combined, by 2.8 per cent, i. e.:

The next two ranks following the governmental are filled by minor categories which also belong under American issues, i. e.:

The total for the first three groups alone approximates three-fifths of the entire editorial content (57.2 per cent).

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B. PREVAILING ATTITUDES ON OUTSTANDING CIVIC PROBLEMS.

1. Urban congestion-Urge the Jews to "return to the soil."-The Yiddish newspapers are all in accord in deprecating the tendency of immigrant Jews to concentrate in overwhelming numbers in urban sections. They extol the position and opportunities of the American farmer and repeatedly urge the Jews to return to the soil. That their advice is frequently heeded is evidenced by the constant increase in the Jewish farming population during the past two decades.1 There are special Jewish agencies whose purpose it is to assist the Jews in settling upon the farm. The press expresses satisfaction with the results achieved by these agencies, agricultural schools, and the American-Jewish farmers in general.

1 Statistics gathered by us in 1900 and 1901 of the Jewish farmers in New Jersey and Connecticut, where the bulk of the Jewish farming population was then to be found, placed the number at 216. A few scattered Jewish farmers also resided in probably five or six other States. Conservative estimates place the present number of Jewish farming families in the United States at 7,000, and it is very probable that it approximates 10,000, and there is not a State in the Union, a portion of whose soil is not tilled by Jewish hands (1919 report, Jewish Agricultural Society, pp. 7 and 8.)

Well nigh 75,000 Jewish souls are to-day deriving a livelihood by tilling 1,000,000 of America's fertile acres, with every State in the Union furnishing its quota. Expressed in monetary values these farmsteads with their equipment reach a figure rapidly approaching the $100,000,000 mark. (Gabriel Davidson, in 1922 report, Jewish Agricultural Society, p. 7.)

Why has the immigrant Jew hesitated to leave the congested areas to be come a farmer? Aside from the historic reason that the Jew has been constantly driven off the soil and has been prevented for centuries from owning and cultivating land, additional deterring factors are discussed frankly in the editorial columns of the Yiddish press. One of the causes of the reluctance of Jewish parents to settle upon the farm has been the lack of adequate educational facilities both general and Jewish-for the young children, in the sparsely populated agricultural sections, as well as the limited opportunities for social intercourse for the young men and women. This lack of spiritual anchorage has prevented those Jews who are anxious to continue Jewish life and who are deeply concerned about the education of their children, from carrying into effect their desire to settle upon the land.

Despite these discouraging conditions and circumstances, however, the Yiddish press continually urges the Jew to become a tiller of the soil, emphasizing the fact that none of the difficulties are insurmountable and can be overcome by persistent, united effort. A cordial welcome is extended to the Jewish farmers when they conduct the annual conventions of their organizations, and they are made to feel that the work which they do as farmers is a source of blessing to their country and to their people.

1. OUR WELCOME FARMERS.

The convention of Jewish farmers in New York which was opened last night has become one of the usual, pleasant, phenomena in our local Jewish life. The attention which such gatherings receive is useful as a proof that there is being developed here a healthy and natural farmer class of our immigrant brethren and there opens up with it a new field in which the immigrant can earn an honest livelihood. The great difference between the European peasant and the farmer in this country has not yet been grasped clearly by a large proportion of our brethren and therefore they think that when a Jew becomes a tiller of the soil he makes a sacrifice.

In America the farmer stands higher than the working class, and in many instances even higher than the lower part of the middle class. The great majority of the farmers of the United States are fairly wealthy land owners who are more similar to the small noblemen of our old home than to the degraded and oppressed peasants. It is therefore, for the average Jew, for the one who is engaged in shopwork or in a small business a step higher, not lower on the social ladder, when he joins the great and influential farmer class.

The conventions themselves are the best proof of the high plane on which our farmer stands here and the possibilities which they have to improve their spiritual and material conditions with the means and methods that are employed by urban inhabitants.

The Jewish farmers are welcome in New York and we wish them success in their undertakings, and hope that their number and prosperity will increase from year to year. (Morgen Journal, November 30, 1914.)

2. THE JEWISH FARMERS' EDUCATIONAL PROBLEM.

It is a great compliment to the Jewish farmers that at every convention they talk a great deal regarding the difficulties of giving their children a Jewish education. The Jewish farmer is not a man who thinks only of bread and forgets all spiritual matters that bind him to Judiasm and to the Jews. Therefore this discussion regarding education which we hear every year among the Jewish farmers is so important.

The question of the education of the children of the colonists has played an important rôle in every Jewish colonization movement in every country. In Argentina the Jewish colonists had to live closer together than was the case with the non-Jewish colonists. Living near each other it was impossible for them to engage a teacher. What a group can do no individual colonist can do and that

is, we believe, the only way in which to settle this question.

Jewish farming has and always will be carried on in groups, and in that way it will be possible to meet, more or less, the problem of the education of the Jewish farmer. (Tageblatt, December 2, 1914.)

3. SHOULD HIS SON BECOME A FARMER? SEVERAL REASONS WHY JEWS SHOULD RETURN TO THE SOIL.

Herman Traub, a New Yorker who tells us that he is well off, sent us a remarkable letter, Mr. Traub writes that he is a wealthy Jew and the father of three children, two daughters and one son. Both his daughters are married and his son, Walter, 19 years old, was recently graduated from high school.

His son decided, instead of pursuing a general college course, to register in an agricultural school in order to learn how to become a farmer.

"Imagine," writes Mr. Traub, "what my only son wants to become a plain farmer. He tells me, however, that even you will admit that it is much better to be a good farmer than a doctor, lawyer, engineer, etc."

We answer with pleasure.

Can a Jew become a farmer and ought a Jew to become a farmer?

A Jew can become a farmer just as he can become a doctor, lawyer, or engineer. He only has to be brought up with that idea and he will of his own accord become a farmer.

Ought a Jew become a farmer? Here is the more important question. We believe sincerely that Jews ought to give up many of their present professions and occupations and return to the work of the soil, which is a noble occupation and carries with it a good reputation.

It is true that we Jews can prove with historic facts that when the Dark Exile started we were not merchants-persons who engaged only in urban occupations. We can prove historically that we have always been ready to do all sorts of difficult work and hard labor-among them farming, but that the Gentiles did not permit us to do it. We had no choice, so we became merchants, bankers, money lenders, and money speculators.

All that is true-they drove us to it. As matters stand the Jewish merchant and money speculator is under constant surveilance and there is a constant complaint against us that we are not producers, but parasites.

For that very reason we would want that the Jews should become farmers. No one would say about a farmer that he is not a producer but a parasite. Every one admits that the farmer is the most useful member in our society.

The life of a farmer is very interesting, especially to one who has had too much of the stormy and uncertain city life. The farm has its attractions--its beauties and fascinations for those whom the city does not satisfy any longer. Unfortunately, however, many can not become farmers simply because they despise the city.

Now, as to Mr. Traub's son.

If a real inclination toward farming has already been developed in Walter Traub's mind, we would advise his father to encourage his son.

Mr. Traub should send his son to study in one of the best agricultural colleges in the country. We believe that the agricultural college of the State of New York-Cornell-is a good college. In agriculture there are very many branches. Although one studies all the phases, nevertheless the student selects later but one subject in which he is most interested and makes that his permanent occupation. If Walter Traub has the inclination and ability to become a farmer, then we admire hls father more for having such a son than those fathers whose sons are doctors, lawyers, and engineers. (Der Tog, May 21, 1920.)

2. Immigration. The Yiddish press has been unalterably opposed to a policy of absolute restriction of immigration into the United States. In fact, all attempts to pass further restrictive legislation have aroused its disapproval. The newspapers have manifested considerable impatience particularly with the hostile, ungenerous attitudes assumed by the outspoken enemies of immigration. They have branded them as un-American, for the traditional American immigration policy was characterized by tolerance and liberalism, especially with regard to those who, like the Pilgrim fathers, emigrated to America in order to escape religious or racial oppression.

The sentiments of all elements of American Jewry as expressed in the various newspapers favored a liberal interpretation of the immigration laws. The Yiddish press viewed with apprehension the anti-Semitic spirit which characterized the discussions of the immigration bills and the unusual haste with which the latter were being forced through the United States Congress. Instead, it urged America to keep her doors open at all times for unfortunate refugees from intolerable, social, religious, or political conditions. As for Jewish immigrants, the press attempted to counteract the exaggerated, erroneous notions which were being spread broadcast about them and endeavored to present them to the country in their true light. They noted with pride the