horn scorn corn thorn cork, fork north torch. horse lord resort, remorse unhorse retort contortion distorted mortal, morsel mortgage mortar torture forfeit formal, fortune sort torment coral born forlorn.

The same sound unaccented: Forbear tormenting formality mortality sortie formation ornamental.

O as in Not:

The fourth' sound of o, in Walker's notation. The common error in the formation of this sound is, as in the above examples, the substituting of o in no, or of a double sound formed by o in no, and u in up, or a in at; thus, Lost or loast for lost. This sound should be carefully avoided in this and the above classes of examples, as a striking mark of vulgarity or carelessness. There is also the opposite error of making the fourth' sound of o nearly like the fourth' sound of a; thus, Gat, clack, &c. for got, clock, &c.

Odd rob mob*, dog log bog, not rot dot, loss boss toss, cross Boston sob, prop fog croft, loft soft clod, doff costly god, godness nod lofty, glossy dross fossil, foster hostage softness.

The same sound unaccented: Obtain occur commend, documentary prostration population, cassock carrot mammoth, tremor fluor algor.

* The inflections may now be supplied by the pupil.

O as in Done:

The same with the second sound of u, or that of u in tub, up, &c.

The fault in the formation of this sound is the substituting for it the o of smoke, that of nor, or that of not.

Come comrade combat none, nothing love comely word, world worm wont scourge, none such worship comfit colander, colonel bombard (noun) bombast (n.) compass, demon sovereign wonted sovereignty.

U as in Tube, mute, &c. : Eu as in Eulogy: Ew as in Ewe: Ui as in Suit: Iew as in View and Eau as in Beauty.

The 'first' sound of u, in Walker's notation. The errors common in this sound are the substituting for it that of u in full or o in move; thus, toon for tune, and commencing the sound of u with that of a instead of e; thus tayoon for tune.

Use cure lure tune dupe, fume useful human humor feud, hew few dew pew mew, new due cue sue blue, lubricate tumid cubic stupid constitution, institution revolution student studious duke, ducal superable supreme superior conclude, resume consume renew review beautiful, beauteous lucid luminary stupor fluid, importune

opportunity mutual plural lurid, during duration dewy lunar lunatic, lunacy endure

assume astute confute.

The same sound unaccented: Lucubration educate articulate stipulate stimulate, singularly regular confluence calculate emulate, feature nature fortune.

U as in Tub:

The 'second' sound of u, in Walker's notation. There is sometimes an error heard in this sound, which makes it seem to resemble o in on; thus, Onder for under; and another which cannot be represented to the eye, but which gives this vowel a sound which is too guttural, (formed too deep in the throat,) and with too wide an opening of the organs. This sound approaches, though very slightly, to the o of on: it should be carefully avoided as uncouth and vulgar.

Up under tun run gun dub, cub rub dug tug mug sup, duck cluck church such clutch much, shrub glut strut nut nun hum, buzz purr cut puff gruff muff, dull mull cull clung gulf gulp, tuft trust tusk musk hurl skulk, skull unfurl churl custard bulge husky.

The same sound unaccented: Uptake undo unseal sackbut conduct log-hut. U as in Bull, Full, &c.: O as in Wolf, Took, &c.:

The 'third' sound of u, in Walker's notation.

An error sometimes heard in this sound is that of obscuring it by hastening over it, and dwelling too much on the consonant which follows it. This error cannot be exactly represented: it can only be generally described as impairing the true and clear sound of the letter.

Pull bush, push puss, put bull-dog, fuller wolfish, foot wood would could, should pulley, pulpit cushion, cuckoo woman, sugar woollen, withstood wool, hood, stood good.

SOUNDS OF DIPHTHONGS.

Oi and Oy as in Oil and Boy :

and

The common errors in this sound arise from a want of attention to the true sound of the initial letter of the diphthong, which is the o of nor, not that of no. Hence the faulty sound of oil, bōy, for oil, boy. A worse error, though less frequent, is that of pronouncing this diphthong like the letter i; thus, ile for oil.

Boil coil foil, toil soil coy, toy joy hoy, rejoice broil spoil, void doit coin, loin joint hoist, moist joist voice, oily joyful coinage, poise noise employ, embroil appoint avoid, alloy recoil turmoil.

Ou as in Pound: Ow as in Down.

The neglect of the initial letter of the diphthong is also the cause of the common error in this sound,

which consists in substituting the sound of a in far for that of o in orb, and prolonging unduly the first sound of the diphthong, causing a broad and drawling sound; thus, Pawnd, tawn, for pound, town.

The local error of New England substitutes for the initial sound of this diphthong, that of a in at or of e in met; thus, Păund, tawn; for pound, down.

How vow now thou, loud cloud cow gown, count house town clown, scowl fowl mouth out, our ground found sound, round souse mouse bounce, rebound resound astound confound, coward cowering lowering scouring, account recount surmount boundary, poundage hourly cowl growling.

CONSONANT SOUNDS:

These may be conveniently arranged according to the organs with which they are articulated.

LABIAL, OR LIP LETTERS:

Mute labials, B, P; aspirated labials, F, PH, GH as in Laugh, V; liquid labial, M; vocal labial, W.

The common defect in the articulation of these sounds is a want of force in the compression and opening of the lips.

In practising the following words, the utmost force and clearness of sound should be given to the labial letters.

B-Bay bad bar ball bec, bet bile bit