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UTAH.

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Earnings sep

CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE 16.-Employment of women and children in mines.

SECTION 3. The legislature shall prohibit:

(1) The employment of women, or of children under the age of fourteen years, in underground mines.

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SECTION 1201. A wife may receive the wages for her personal arate property. labor, and maintain an action therefor in her own name, and hold the same in her own right, as if unmarried.

Employment

in mines, etc.

Seats for females.

Payments to

minors

when.

Employment of women and children.

*

SECTION 1338. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to employ any child under fourteen years of age, or any female, to work in any mine or smelter in the State of Utah. Any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.

SEC. 1339. The proprietor, manager, or person having charge of any store, shop, hotel, restaurant, or other place where women or girls are employed as clerks or help therein, shall provide chairs, stools, or other contrivances where such clerks or help may rest when not employed in the discharge of their respective duties. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Earnings of minors.

SECTION 1544. When a contract for the personal services of a valid, minor has been made with him alone, and those services are afterward performed, payment made therefor to such minor in accordance with the terms of the contract, is a full satisfaction for those services, and the parent or guardian can not recover therefor a second time.

Minors' earnings exempt.

School tendance

quired.

at

Exemption of wages of minors from execution, etc.

SECTION 3243. The earnings of any minor child of any debtor within this State and the proceeds thereof are exempt from execution against such debtor by reason of any debts or liability of such debtor, not contracted for the special benefit of such minor child.

VERMONT.

STATUTES OF 1894.

Employment of children.

SECTION 711 (as amended by act No. 19, Acts of 1896, and act re- No. 39, Acts of 1904). A person having the control of a child between the ages of eight and fifteen years, shall cause such child to attend a public school at least twenty-eight weeks in a year, and such attendance shall be continuous, beginning with the school year, unless the child is mentally or physically unable to attend, has already acquired the branches required by law to be taught in the public school, or is otherwise being furnished with the same education. If a child is a pupil of a school held for more than twenty-eight weeks in a year, he shall attend such school during the time it is to be held in excess of twenty-eight

weeks unless he is mentally or physically unable to attend or is excused in writing by the school directors from attendance during the whole or a part of such time. A child under eight years, or a youth of over fifteen years of age, who shall begin attendance and be enrolled as a pupil in a public, elementary or high school, or a school in which his tuition is paid at public expense, shall attend such school during the term for which he is enrolled unless he is mentally or physically unable to attend or is excused in writing by the school directors from attendance during the whole or part of said term.

SEC. 712 (as amended by act No. 52, Acts of 1906). A child under sixteen years of age, who has not completed the elementary course of study of nine years prepared for the public schools by the superintendent of education, shall not unless excused in writing by the town superintendent of schools be employed in work connected with railroading, mining, manufacturing, or quarrying, or be employed in delivering messages by any corporation or company, except during vacation and before and after school, unless said child deposits with his employer in work herein specified a certificate from the town superintendent of schools to the effect that he is eligible to employment in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, and no child under sixteen years of age shall be employed after eight o'clock at night in any of the occupations or industries herein enumerated. In case said child has been in attendance upon a private or parochial school, the superintendent of schools is hereby empowered to examine said child for the purpose of determining his eligibility to employment in accordance with this section.

SEC. 715 (as amended by act No. 52, Acts of 1906). A town superintendent may inquire of the owner or superintendent of a mill, factory, quarry, workshop, or railroad office, shop, or yards, as to the employment of children therein, may call for the production of the certificates deposited with such owner or superintendent, and satisfy himself that the requirements of law have been complied with.

Earnings of married women.

SECTION 2647. All personal property and rights of action acquired by a woman before coverture, or during coverture, except by gift from her husband, shall be held to her sole and separate

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ACT No. 115.-Employment of women and children in barrooms. SECTION 23. Licenses shall be subject to the following conditions and prohibitions.

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Children under 16.

Certificates.

Night work.

Enforcement.

Earnings separate property.

Employment prohibited.

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That no female person nor any person under the age of twentyone years, shall be employed in the barroom in which a license is operated.

ACT No. 155.-Employment of children.

SECTION 1 (as amended by act No. 52, Acts of 1906). No child under the age of twelve years shall be employed by or permitted to work for any railroad company, or in any mill, factory, quarry, or workshop, or in delivering messages for a corporation or company.

SEC. 3. Any person who shall employ or suffer to be employed in any mill, factory or workshop of which he is the owner, or owner in part, or of which he is the superintendent or manager, any child in violation of the provisions of this act [includes section 712, Statutes of 1894, as amended], and a parent or guardian who allows or consents to such employment, shall be fined fifty dollars.

Age limit.

Penalty.

SEC. 4. County courts, municipal courts and justices of the Enforcement. peace shall have concurrent jurisdiction of offenses under this act and truant officers and all informing officers are authorized to make complaint for violation of this act.

VIRGINIA.

Who are vagrants.

Earnings sep

CODE-1904.

Employment of children while parents live in idleness.

SECTION 884. The following persons shall be deemed vagrants:

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All persons who are able to work and who do not work, but hire out their minor children and live upon their wages.

Earnings of married women.

SECTION 2286a. A married woman shall have the right to acarate property. quire, hold, use, control, and dispose of property, as if she were unmarried, and such power of use, control, and disposition shall apply to all property of a married woman heretofore or hereafter acquired: Provided, however, That her husband shall be entitled to curtesy in her real estate when the common law requisites therefor exist, and he shall not be deprived thereof by her sole act;

Minors' earnings exempt.

Seats to be

provided.

Hours of labor.

Night work.

*

*

Earnings of minors.

SECTION 3652c. The wages of a minor shall not be liable to garnishment or otherwise liable to the payment of the debts of parents.

Seats for female employees.

SECTION 3657a. All persons who employ females in shops, stores, offices, or manufactories as clerks, operatives, or helpers in any business, trade, or occupation carried on or operated by them in the State of Virginia shall be required to procure and provide proper and suitable seats for all such females, and shall permit the use of such seats, rests, or stools as may be necessary, and shall not make any rules, regulations, or orders preventing the use of such stools or seats when any such female employees are not actively employed in their work in such business or employment. If any employer of female help in the State of Virginia shall neglect or refuse to provide seats as provided in this act or shall make any rules, orders, or regulations in his shop, store, or other place of business requiring females to remain standing when not necessarily employed in service or labor therein he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in any court of competent jurisdiction shall be liable to a fine therefor in a sum not to exceed twenty-five dollars with costs in the discretion of the court.

Employment of women and children.

SECTION 3657b. No female and no child under fourteen years of age shall work as an operative in any factory or in any factory or manufacturing establishment in this State more than ten hours in any one day of twenty-four hours. All contracts made or to be made for the employment of any female or of any child under fourteen years of age as an operative in any factory or manufacturing establishment to work more than ten hours in any one day of twenty-four hours, are and shall be void. Any person having the authority to contract for the employment of persons as operatives in any factory or manufacturing establishment who shall engage or contract with any female or any child under fourteen years of age to work as an operative in such factory or manufacturing establishment during more than ten hours in any one day of twenty-four hours shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined not less than five nor more than twenty dollars.

SEC. 3657bb. No child under the age of fourteen years and over twelve years of age shall be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mining operations in this Commonwealth to work be tween the hours of six o'clock postmeridian and seven o'clock

antemeridian; and no child under the age of twelve years shall be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mining operation in this Commonwealth; and any owner, agent, superintendent, overseer, foreman, or manager of any manufacturing, mechanical, or mining operation who shall knowingly employ, or permit to be employed, in the operation of which he is owner, agent, superintendent, overseer, foreman, or manager any child contrary to the provisions of this act, and any parent or guardian who allows or consents to such employment of his child or ward, shall, upon conviction of such offense, be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars.

Certain employments of children forbidden.

Age limit.

SECTION 3795a. * * (2) It shall be unlawful for any per- Acrobatic, son having the care, custody, or control of any child under the age mendicant, etc., occupations. of fourteen years to sell, apprentice, give away, let, or hire out, or otherwise dispose of such child to any person in or for the vocation or occupation, service, or purpose of rope or wire walking, begging or peddling, or as a gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acrobat in any place whatsoever, or for any obscene, indecent, or immoral purpose, exhibition, or practice whatsoever, or for or in any business, exhibition, or vocation injurious to the health or morals or danger ous to the life or limb of such child, or cause, procure, encourage, or permit any such child to engage therein.

(3) It shall also be unlawful for any person to take, receive, hire, employ, use, exhibit, or have in custody any child under the age aforesaid for any of the purposes prohibited in the second section of this act.

(6) Whenever any person or persons having the care or custody of any child within the age previously mentioned in this act shall engage, hire out, or use such child in or for any business, exhibition, vocation, or purpose prohibited in this act, or shall permit the use of such child therefor, and shall be convicted of the same, the court or magistrate before whom such conviction is had may at his discretion if he should think it desirable for the welfare of such child deprive the person or persons so convicted of the custody of such child, and thereafter such child shall be deemed in the custody of the court, and thereupon such proceedings shall be had as to the commitment, custody, care, and education of such child as are provided for in section five of this act [for vagrant or destitute children].

(7) A person convicted under any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two hundred dollars or by imprisonment in jail not exceeding twelve months or both.

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(8) In this act the word person" shall be construed to include corporations, partnerships, companies, and associations, as well as individuals.

WASHINGTON.

CODES AND STATUTES OF 1897.

Employment of women and children in mines.

SECTION 3172. No boy under the age of fourteen years, and no Employment female of any age, shall be employed or permitted to be in any prohibited. mine for the purpose of employment therein, nor shall a boy under the age of twelve years be employed or permitted to be in or about the outside structures or workings of a colliery for the purpose of employment: Provided, however, That this prohibition shall not affect the employment of a boy of suitable age in an office or in the performance of clerical work at a colliery. When an employer is in doubt as to the age of any boy applying for employment in or about a mine or colliery, he shall demand and receive proof of the age of such boy by certificate from the parents or guardian of such boy before he shall be employed.

Sex not a bar.

Sex no disqualification for employment.

SECTION 3322. * ** * Every avenue of employment shall be open to women; and any business, vocation, profession, and calling followed and pursued by men may be followed and pursued by women, and no person shall be disqualified from engaging in or pursuing any business, vocation, profession, calling, or employment on account of sex: Provided, That this section shall not be construed so as to permit women to hold public office.

Earnings of married women.

Earnings sep- SECTION 4493. A wife may receive the wages of her personal arate property. labor, and maintain an action therefor in her own name, and hold the same in her own right, and she may prosecute and defend all actions at law for the preservation and protection of her rights and property as if unmarried.

Earnings of minors.

Payments to

minors when.

SECTION 4583. When a contract for the personal services of a valid, minor has been made with him alone, and those services are afterwards performed, payment made therefor to such minor in accordance with the terms of the contract is a full satisfaction for those services, and the parents or guardian can not recover therefor.

Employment prohibited.

Employment of women in saloons.

SECTION 7258. No female person shall be employed in any capacity in any saloon, beer hall, barroom, theater, or place of amusement, where intoxicating liquors are sold as a beverage, and any person or corporation convicted of so employing, or of participating in so employing, any such female person shall be fined not less than five hundred dollars; and any person so convicted may be imprisoned in the county jail for a period of not less than six months.

Seats for female employees.

Seats to be SECTION 7287. It shall be the duty of every agent, proprietor, provided. superintendent, or employer of female help in stores, offices, or schools within the State of Washington, to provide for each and every such employee a chair, stool, or seat, upon which such female worker or workers shall be allowed to rest when their duties will permit, or when such rest shall or does not interfere with a faithful discharge of their incumbent duties. A violation of any of the provisions of this section shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof by any court of competent jurisdiction shall subject the person offending to a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars.

Limit of ten hours.

ACTS OF 1901.

CHAPTER C8.—Employment of women.

SECTION 1. No female shall be employed in any mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel or restaurant in this State more than ten hours during any day. The hours of work may be so arranged as to permit the employment of females at any time so that they shall not work more than ten hours during the twenty-four.

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Seats to be SEC. 2. Every employer in establishments where females are provided. employed shall provide suitable seats for them and shall permit the use of such seats by them when they are not engaged in the active duties for which they are employed.

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