are so old that they are beyond the age when it is easy for them to take up a new language. Some of the best of these teachers have been recruited from the advanced pupils and they are very diligent in their work.

* * *

In Albay and Sorsogon provinces it is very difficult to secure good material for teachers. The salaries that the municipalities can afford to pay are, in many cases, much less than they could make in the hemp market, and consequently they are loth to accept appointments as maestros.

In general, they are studious and courteous. They are attentive to their duties and show an interest in learning English, and usually reflect the American teachers in methods of teaching. They have arrived at the place where they are a valuable aid to the American teacher in the English work.

Very little opposition has been shown by those who are supposed to be opposed to the introduction of American schools. Only two cases of open opposition have come to my notice. In one case an ecclesiastical official spread untruthful statements abroad, and in the other case a person pinned upon his door some seditious statements about the American Government in general and the schools in particular. He was placed under arrest, and is now at liberty under heavy bail to appear before the next session of the court of first instance.

The people at large are wholly in sympathy with our work and speak in the highest tering of the work that has been done.

Upon our arrival here we heard almost no English, but everywhere now one is met with greetings in English, and the parents are delighted with the work of their children. In the most remote towns, in passing through the country, one is surprised to hear conversation among the children in English, or the strains of "America," or "The Star Spangled Banner."

[Extract from Governor Betts's report.]

At the time the civil government took charge of affairs in this province there were two schools organized in each province, one at Ligao under the supervision of an American, and the other at Tabaco under a native instructor. Since the organization of civil government there have been established from one to three schools in each organized municipality throughout the province. Twenty out of the 27 organized pueblos have their schools now under the supervision of American instructors. The greatest enthusiasm prevails among the people in all the pueblos where American instructors have been detailed, and the problem that at present confronts the municipal governments is that of providing adequate accommodation for the schools, the attendance invariably being in excess of the capacity of the buildings in which the schools are held. In nearly every pueblo in the province there remain the ruins of what was once an excellent school building, but which apparently has been abandoned for some years. These buildings were invariably of stone, the walls of which are still in an excellent state of preservation and could be reconstructed into excellent school buildings.

Some idea of the enthusiasm created in some of the pueblos by opening American schools can be had from the fact that in several pueblos temporary buildings have been constructed by contribution labor in order that there might be ample room to accommodate the pupils. The wonderful progress made by these little people during the short time they have been in school seems incredible, and I do not believe there is a brighter and more enthusiastic lot of little students in the world than can be found in the public schools of this province. The greatest credit is due the American teachers for the excellent manner in which they have conducted their work and for their own excellent deportment.

TEACHING FORCE.

The accompanying table shows the number of schools in each division and province throughout the archipelago, together with the total number of Americans and Filipinos engaged in teaching on. the 1st of July, 1902. The number of native teachers includes those formally appointed and under American oversight. That these figures are lower than the real number is evident; the latest report from the island of Marinduque showing 32 teachers (native) actually at work, where the present list shows but 4. Owing to the prevalence of cholera and the delay in reopening schools in many provinces, division superintendents have not reported native teachers unless sure of their being actually at work during the present school year. The total number of Filipino teachers will probably be found to be about 3,400.

[The foregoing includes the nautical school at Manila with 2 native and 4 American teachers, the normal and the trade schools at Manila with 13 and 5 American teachers respectively, and the agricultural school at Negros with 1 American teacher.]

PROGRESS OF THE WORK.

During the past year the issuing of books in Spanish for the use of the public schools has been discontinued, and everywhere within the radius of the influence of the American teachers instruction has proceeded in English, and text-books in arithmetic, geography, and other studies are furnished in English. For some of the barrio schools, removed from the influence and oversight of American teachers, limited use has been made of Visayan-English, Ilocano-English, and Tagalo-English primers, to make the transition more easy. The instruction in Spanish has been to a large extent superseded by instruction in English, and except in the high-school courses will not be taught in the public schools.

A great advance has been made in the comprehension of the nature of the people and the children, and in methods of handling them to obtain the best results. One division superintendent has had much success in his handling of school problems, and one of his methods is thus reported by him:

I have adopted the plan of calling all presidentes in the province to the provincial capital for a discussion of school matters before the provincial board. In Union Province such meeting was attended by remarkable success. Presidentes were brought before a board composed of the provincial officials and the division superintendent. At this meeting the treasurer, the governor, and the division superintendent were present. The entire meeting was devoted to a discussion of schools and school matters. The division superintendent presented to the meeting all matters which he considered as of importance concerning schools. The treasurer stated his position upon these matters in very plain language. I have already described to you the manner in which the governor acted.

In the larger part of the field the weekly school holiday has been changed from the middle of the week, as was customary in Spanish times, and now comes on Saturday, as customary in the United States. The week is thus less broken up and better results are obtained.

In some places the old custom of separate schools for boys and girls has been overcome and boys and girls attend the same school. As this custom grows and becomes more general, it will be possible to effect a saving in teachers, as separate teachers are now required in some cases where the size of the classes is such that they could be consolidated under one teacher if the prejudice did not exist.

FILIPINOS TO THE UNITED STATES.

During the past year a number of Filipino young men have gone to the United States, either under the care and protection of returning army officers or at their own expense, to obtain higher education. One of the teachers of this bureau, during the long vacation, took two young men to his home and placed them in school in Pennsylvania, where they are to remain for three years, the teacher guaranteeing their expenses and their safe return to these islands. The teacher who showed his confidence in this manner has returned to these islands with his bride and has again taken up the work of instruction.

It has always been the opinion of the general superintendent that a selected few of the best young men in these islands should be sent to the United States, not alone

for the academic education which they can receive, but for the broader and more impressive education of daily life in the United States, in contact with its greatness and activity. Educational institutions in the United States will eagerly cooperate in such a work, and parents in many cases could contribute toward the payment of expenses. An appropriation for the partial payment of the expenses of such young men would be money well invested in its results when the young men return to these islands.

MANILA NORMAL SCHOOL.

This school occupies the central position in the educational movement in these islands, and its work is of vital importance in carrying out the policy of supplying thoroughly trained Filipino teachers to take charge of the schools throughout the archipelago.

After some preliminary work the Manila normal school was organized by Dr. E. B. Bryan, its principal, on September 1, 1901. It was at that time provided with rooms in the municipal school building in the Walled City, the same building being also occupied by the Manila grammar school, which held its sessions in the forenoon, thus reducing the normal school to afternoon sessions only. remainder of the school year sessions were held from 2 to 5.25 p. m.

During the Five courses

were given full time and two courses part time: (1) English expression in its broadest sense, reading, writing, and talking; (2) geography; (3) American history; (4) arithmetic; (5) science.

Music was taught two days and art three days each week, the subjects alternating on the programme.

The total enrollment up to January 1, 1902, was 310 pupils, of which number 18 'only were females. The average enrollment was 220, with average attendance of 202. The ages ranged from a minimum of 16 years to a maximum of 28. The instruction was given by 11 American teachers-4 men and 7 women. Twenty-four provinces were represented by the pupils.

The necessity for a suitable building received careful consideration, and during the long vacation the large buildings on the exposition grounds in Ermita, a mile south of the Walled City, were repaired and fitted up for the use of the normal school. On the 16th of June, while the cholera was still prevalent in the entire country surrounding Manila, the present school year was begun. The prevalence of this dread disease, which has hampered all school work, was especially felt by the normal school, preventing the attendance of pupils both in Manila and from the remoter provinces.

The present buildings have accommodations for about 500 pupils, and sessions are held forenoon and afternoon. Good physical and botanical laboratories are ready for use and the apparatus for the same is arriving.

In spite of the handicap mentioned, the total enrollment since June 16 has been 330 pupils, and on the last day of August 270 were actually enrolled, with an average attendance of 265 for the month. Of the 270 pupils, 70 are young women. Letters from a large number of presidentes indicate that the attendance will reach 500 at the opening of the middle term, October 1, on account of improved conditions as to cholera and the consequent removal of local quarantine restrictions and restrictions upon travel.

Fourteen American teachers furnish instruction in English, arithmetic, geography, American history, Filipino history, algebra, physics, botany, and music and art.

The instruction in music and art is being given by the normal school in place of a separate school of fine arts which it is hoped will be established in Manila at a later date. One teacher gives full time to music and another full time to drawing. All students are required to take one year of music and they are also permitted to take two years in addition to the one required, and many are availing themselves of this opportunity. At present the work is limited to vocal music and voice culture.

In drawing, the students are also required to take one year. The work of this year is planned with a twofold purpose in mind—to give the student skill in illustrating his daily work when he takes up his work as a teacher and to give him a basis for the more advanced work. Students are encouraged to take more than the required work if they show especial skill or fondness for it. At present 7 students are pursuing special lines with surprisingly good results. These students have passed from charcoal work to color. A class of 20 is ready for the work in charcoal. The students are taking great interest in this work and are showing considerable capacity for it. Classes in wood carving will be started as soon as the science hall is ready for use. The course of study for the Manila normal school is designed to be a four-year course, and during the last two years it is the plan to bring to Manila the pupils who have successfully accomplished the two-year normal course in the various provincial high schools, these courses being especially designed and laid out by the principal of the Manila normal school for that purpose.

THE NORMAL SCHOOL COURSE OF STUDY.

First year.-1, oral expression (reading and talking with special emphasis on difficult sounds and combinations); 2, arithmetic; 3, elementary geography; 4, history of the United States; 5, drawing; 6, music.

Second year.—1, reading (the purpose being to develop rapidity in interpretation, fluency in expression, and a taste for good literature); 2, arithmetic; 3, physical geography; 4, Filipino history; 5, nature study; 6, hygiene, physiology.

Third year.-1, algebra; 2, political and commercial geography; 3, general history; 4, botany; 5, physics.

Fourth year.-1, geometry; 2 (a) United States history, (b) civics; 3, zoology; 4, ' chemistry; 5, professional work (observation and practice in model school).

For the benefit of Filipino teachers in the city of Manila normal training classes which all native teachers are required to attend have been organized. These classes meet every afternoon from 3 to 5 in the municipal school building, Intramuros.

This school is under the direction of the normal school principal. The daily management of the school is in charge of Mr. E. W. Oliver, principal of the large Victoria grammar school (American and Filipino), which meets forenoons from 8 to 12 in the same building. The classes are taught by American teachers employed in the public schools of Manila. Daily instruction is given in arithmetic, English, civics, geography, and hygiene.

Thus the Manila normal school marks the culmination of the efforts for the training of Filipino teachers, which were necessarily begun in a crude way by the instruction of each for an hour every school day by the local American teacher; then followed by systematic instruction during a month or six weeks in provincial institutes during the long vacation; further advanced and placed on a more substantial foundation by the work of the provincial schools in their normal courses, and completed and made thorough by the central school at Manila.

Short as has been the time improvement is already felt in the elementary schools where teachers with but a little training in the Manila normal school have been appointed. Too much, however, must not be expected, for the full benefit of such a course can not be obtained for several years, and among the first graduates there may develop a lack of efficiency due to insufficient preparation in such rudiments as are the common possession of all American school children, but are just being introduced in these islands.

NAUTICAL SCHOOL.

A nautical school was opened in Manila, December 15, 1899, with an attendance of 22 pupils. The school is designed to educate young men for the merchant marine service. Owing to the mountainous character and small size of these islands, trans

portation by water must always continue to be the principal and almost exclusive method. This school is intended to fit Filipinos to take control of their own shipping instead of permitting it to be controlled by people of other nationalities.

At the beginning of the present school year the attendance, especially from the provinces, was subject to the same curtailment on account of cholera as has been noted in other secondary schools. In spite of this, however, on August 31 there were enrolled 73 young men, and the percentage of attendance for the month was 87.7. The pupils represent about 20 different provinces.

The school is under the supervision of Lieut. Commander John J. Knapp, U. S. Navy, and has a teaching force of 4 American teachers and 1 Filipino instructor. The school was last year divided into four classes instead of three, and the scope of the instruction has been much extended. The attendance of the three upper classes is very good, and the attendance of the fourth class improves after the first three or four months. The school is now in good running order. Two full months of work have been completed, including the regular monthly examinations. The upper classes show good progress since the opening of the year, and the new fourth class has some promising material. New classes in physics, nautical astronomy, general history, and United States history have been formed this year.

The instruction during the first year includes arithmetic, English, geography, and drawing. That for the second year, English, algebra, geometry, geography, and drawing. That for the third year, English, history, geometry, plane trigonometry, physics, mechanics, geography, and drawing. During the fourth and final year, the pupils are instructed in spherical trigonometry, nautical astronomy, navigation, seamanship, hydrographical drawing, general and United States history, and English. All classes are instructed in practical seamanship three times a week.

For the course in practical seamanship a mast has been erected in the school grounds and fitted with foresail and topsail. The pupils are frequently drilled at this to make them familiar with the nomenclature and the handling of ropes and sails. It is impossible, however, to get sea experience from this, and it is greatly to be desired that the school be provided with a school-ship at as early a date as is practicable.

During the long vacation the pupils of the most advanced classes have been placed on commercial ships for actual experience in their future profession.

The first object is the Americanization of the students in language, habits of thought, manner of performing work, and general moral principles. The next object is the technical education in seamanship, navigation, and kindred subjects. In view of the fact that the students had little, if any, satisfactory primary training before their admission to this school, it is deemed that very encouraging progress has been made.

The respect for authority and the physical development of the pupils are not unprovided for. Each school morning at 8 o'clock they are required to form in front of the school building and remain uncovered while the United States colors are hoisted. After this they are given twenty minutes "setting-up exercise." This drill, together with the exercise obtained by handling the sails and spars, has greatly improved the appearance and bearing of the students. As further means of discipline, the students are formed, between recitation periods, by the officer of the day and are then marched to their several recitation rooms by their class leaders.

The school hours are from 8 until 1. This time is divided into six periods of forty minutes each, with five-minute intervals between the periods. The two larger classes are divided into two sections each, so that each instructor has during each period an average of 12 students. At the beginning of the school year the number of instructors was 5-2 American and 3 Filipino. There are now 5 instructors, 4 of whom are American and 1 Filipino, and in addition thereto the superintendent has taken direct charge of the instruction in navigation.