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their creditors, III.

-Indebted; steps to be taken for payment or
compromise, III.

-Indebted; they are hurt by worry more
than by work, 112.

- Indebtedness of; largely incurred for land
at too high prices, 108.

-Insist on payment of debts due to them-
selves, 110.

Farmers Institute; the, 55.

Aims and methods, 59.

- Difficulty of obtaining good non-profes-
sional instructors, 57.

- Farmers who say they can learn nothing
from them, 59.

Gets farmers to thinking and talking, 55.
How controlled in different states, 56.

- Importance of enlisting local talent, 56.
Management of, 56, 58.

On Pacific Coast, 57.

Nature of topics discussed, 56.

- Professional vs., non-professional instruc-
tors, 57.

- Requirements for non-professional instruc-
tors, 58.

- Supported by state funds, 56.
-What it is, 55.

Farmers; largely mortgaged, 109.

-likely to engage in cooperation without
adequate capital, 209.

- List of books for, 566-575.
-Must adapt themselves

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environment, 21.

to their changing

Must learn to reduce costs, 33.
Organizations of, 284.

Proper course of with regard to banks,
150-151.

Should vote to strengthen the Interstate
Commerce Commission, 175.

Sources of the most valuable information
for, 72.

- Unrest of American, 33.

– Value, to farmers, of the habit of writing
to farm papers, 74.

Farm Products, home prices of, 636-638.
Relative New York price of, 634.

Farms; unprofitable unless actually worked
by owners, 71.

Farming; books (see Book Farming), 69.
- Scientific, prejudice against the term, 28.
Fertilizers, commercial; uses of, 86.
Fertility, causes of loss of, 85.

Fit, the survival of, 21.

Flattery; employed to influence farmers, 114.
Foods; compete with all other foods, 100.
Fortunes, great, result of exceptional ability
with accumulating instinct, 258.

Freights (see Railroads).

- Rates per ton per mile, 646.

Fruit Exchange, California (see California
Fruit Exchange).

- Santa Clara County (see Santa Clara
County Fruit Exchange).

- Fruit Exchange, Southern California (see
Southern California Fruit Exchanges).
Funds, party; names of contributors should
be public, 118.

- Public; result of wasteful expenditure, 187.
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National and state, 288.

Objects of, 285.

The; position in regard to speculation in
farm products, 180.

Rise and progress of, 286.
Ritual of, 289.
"Secresy" of, 289.

Subordinate, work of, 288.

Granger cases the, 287.

Grange's dealings, with tradesmen, 184.

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IMMIGRATION, European; its effect on
American farmers, 106.

Income, farmers', affected by causes beyond
his control, 37-

· Vary in ratio of definite facts known, 22.
Indebtedness, farmers'; as the result of spec-
ulative development of industries, 109.
Index Tables, 370. (See, also, Aldrich, Atkin-
son, Economist, Sauerbeck, Soetbeer,
and Wetmore.)

- Best available standards for estimating
value of precious metals, 371.
Industries, household, in old times, 12.
Infertility, most common causes of, 84.
Information, necessary; cost of too great for
single farmers to acquire, 19.
Initiative, 415.

Institute, Farmers' (see Farmers' Institute) 55.
Interest, rates of; have not fallen on farm

loans, 377-

Interest, rates in U. S., 647.

Interstate Commerce Commission, 168.
Decisions of, 580-598.

(NOTE.-The decisions of the Interstate
Commerce Commission are not indexed
in detail, in the volume.)

Interstate Commerce Commission, Extracts
from Report of, 598.

Issues National; less important to farmers
than local, 116.

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LABOR, claim of that the judiciary unduly
favors capital unfounded, 392.

Labor contests, arbitration in, 390.
Labor, demands of as to hours of work, 386.
-Demand of that military shall not be em-

ployed in strikes, 391.
Farmers' relation to, 384.
Organized, 385.

Organized, at variance with unorganized
labor, 385.

Organized demands of, 385.

Labor, physical; how it clashes with de-
mands of the class-room 13.

- Physical, not possible while acquiring
higher education, 46.
Purchasing power of 628.

Labor Question, definition of, 385.

Relations of farmers to, 385.

- Short hours of not desirable, 430.
Socialistic, demands of, 394.

Land, agricultural; now as dear as it is
likely to be, 107.

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- Not economically cultivable by capitalistic
methods, 431.

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Sanction of society for ownership of, 430.
Speculation in, 107.

Unearned increment of, 429.
Value of ownership of, 429.

Values, taxation of, 340.

Worth less than improvements on, 429.

Law, judge made; ignorant legislators re-
sponsible for most of it, 393.

Learning, great, no assurance of happiness,
430.

Legal tender, 348, 351.

Legislation, direct. (See Direct Legislation

and Referendum.)

Legislators, dishonest, influence of, 418.
Legislatures; corporations prefer them to be
honest, 158.

Life Insurance, as affected by change to sil-
ver standard, 375.

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Actual; uses of, 349.

Actual value imparted to it by making it
legal tender, 351.

As a measure of value, 350.

- As a measure of value; essential qualities
of, 351.

-As a medium of exchange not a question
of the day, 342.

- Bad; can not be forced to circulate with
good, 352.

Bad, may do the work of good, 343.
Coined gold and silver the best, 353.
Depreciated; poor suffer most by it, 348.
Fiat, results of use of, 346.

Fiat, use of not desirable, 348.

Gold and silver always used for, 356.
Good, one essential quality of, 342.
Government paper, objects of issue of, 347-
Gresham's law of, 354.

Ideal, 347.

Increase of raises prices, 352.
International, 343.

Irredeemable; theoretically may be made
satisfactory, but practically never has
been, 353.

Loans of by government to the people, 148.
Made scarce and dear by overtaxation, 150.
Necessity of, 137, 345.

Non-exportable, 348, 353-

- Of the world must be considered as one
stock, 353.

Per capita, 349.

Power, control of our gravest problem, 149.
Relations of supply of to prices, 354.
Representative, 343.

Representative not international, 343.

Standard of deferred payments, 367.
Stocks of in world, 625.
Substitutes for, 345.

Supply of, as affecting prices, 367.
Use of in elections, 118.
Usual definition of, 350.

Will always be found where desired pro-
ducts are for sale, 344.

Monetary Systems of the world, 624.
Monopolies; how they affect the farmer, 126.
Morrill, J. S., introduces Agricultural College
Bill, 539.

-Introduces second act for endowment of
Agricultural Colleges, 541.

Mortgages; banks dislike to foreclose them,

III.

NAFTZGER, A. H., Letter from, 514.

Nature; does not consider abuses but condi-
tions, 20.

Law of, 127.

Man can conquer only by cooperation, 128.
Phenomena of, 42.

Relentless and remorseless, 20.

- Study (see agriculture in common schools),
60, 553, 560.

-What she requires of man, 23.
Nelson, N. O., letter from, 606.
Nominations, improper; how best prevented,
116.

OFFICIALS, Public; can not practice private
economy, 190.

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Usually personally honest, 113.

Offices, appointive, 118.

The most important to a farmer, 115.

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Early administration of, 163.

Entitled to no secrets from the public, 173.
Farmers' true policy regarding, 175.

- Folly of indiscriminate attacks upon, 159.

- Freights; cost of, 165, 646.

Freight tariffs of; how constructed, 166.
- Fundamental principle underlying effec-
tual control, 173.

-Government ownership of, 172.

-Interests usually identical with communi-
ties served by them, 159.

Interstate Commerce Commission, 168.
Interstate Commerce Commission reports
best source of information concerning, 174.
-Largely built on borrowed money, 108.
Not always wisely managed, 159.

- Officers of; some honorable and some
otherwise, 171.

Railroads, officers of, will seek to get a rev-
enue somehow, 171.

Perjury by officials of, 168.

- Problems concerning, very complicated,
160.

- Problems of control of, 173.

- Questions concerning; should be studied
without passion, 158.

Railroad questions; usually contests between
localities, 160.

Railroads, receipts of, in 1896, 162.
Regulation of, 160.

Statistics of, in U. S., 599.

Tariffs of; must be reasonable, 163.
Tariffs of, really a tax, 162.

- True functions of state commissions of,
175.
"Watered

stocks of, 161.

Will carry all freight which yields any
profit, 170.

Raisin Association, of California (see Cali-
fornia Raisin Association).

Raisins, early methods of sale, 459, 461.
Raisin-growers, condition of, in 1897, 464.
- Difficulties of effecting cooperation among,
462.

Difficulties of, in marketing, 459.
Early cooperation among, 460.
Raisins, methods of production, 458.
Ratio, changes in legal, in U. S.. 357.
Ratios of gold and silver, 356, 360, 618-622.
Ratios of gold and silver, greater than 16 to 1,
367.

Ratio of silver to gold never has been per-
manent, 357.

Rational enjoyment; a proper end of life, 98.
Recall, power of not desirable, 416.

Recreation, does not consist in hoeing pota-
toes, 46.

Referendum, 415, 417.

Reform, social (see Social Reform).

Reforms, always first advocated by extrem-
ists, 414.

Rent, economic, in Great Britain, 328.
Economic, meaning of, 324.

Economic, tends to be absorbed by labor,
431.

Roads, country; cost of moving freight on,
196.

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Country, effect of good, in European coun-
tries, 197.

Country, large expenditure on, 196.
Country, method of computing what can
profitably be expended on them, 198, 199.
Country, question of state aid to, 200.
Country; wisdom of incurring public debt
for depends on circumstances, 200.
Farmers can stop waste of money on, 200.
Good country; common sense must be used
in expenditure for, 197.

Good country; effect on value of land, 199.
Rural effort, essential to existence of the race,
422.

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Santa Clara County Fruit Exchange, Success
of, 481.

Santa Clara Valley, fruit marketing societies
of, 476, 480.

Sauerbeck, A., index table of, 641.
Science, rests upon verified facts, 20.
-What it has done for the farmer, 34.
Science in Agriculture; incident showing feel-
ing of some farmers in regard to it, 29.
Incident showing its progress, 34.
Until lately neglected in America, 30.
What it is and is not, 30.

What it has effected, 31.

- Work of the different professions, 33, 34.
Scientific knowledge expensive, 31.

Scientific Men; the only really practical men,

20.

Their patience in the study of detail, 20.
Senators, United States; effects of contest
for that office, 116.

Service, civil, 192-194.

Civil; not an aristocracy, 194.

- Public; abuses in connection with, 190, 191.
- Public; how to reform it, 192–194.
- Public; responsibility for abuses in, 192.
Settlers, early; entitled to advance in land
created by their enterprise, 107.
Shiftless boys; probably defectives, ge.
Short Courses in Agriculture, 51.
Individual guidance given, 51.

-Lead to no degree, 51.

- No special preparation required, 51.

- Students at least learn how much they do
not know, 52.

- Students must be mature, 51.

Silver, a commodity, 368, 632.
Silver, coinage of, 624.

Changes of legal ratio in U. S., 357, 621.
Demonetization of, 622.

Free coinage of, 363.

Free coinage of; argument for, 376-382.
Free coinage of; as law stands U. S. would
have to maintain ratio of 16 to 1, 365.

- Free coinage of; proper method of study-
ing the question, 382.

- Justice of free coinage of, 376.

- Legal tender for U. S. bonds and private
debts, 364.

- London price of, 624, 633.

-Purchases of, 623.

Questions concerning not fairly discussed
by political writers or speakers, 382.
Ratio of to gold, 618-622.
Relation of to commodities, 369.

- Results of free coinage of uncertain, 382.

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See ratio and coinage.

Standard, effect on Life Insurance, 375.
U. S. unable to sustain price of, 362.
Value as compared with gold, 356.

Value of; must be restored by inspiring
confidence in it, 380.

World's production of, 617.

World's stock of, 616.

Single Tax, as a means of social reform, 329.
-As advocated by Henry George, 340.

As a fiscal measure, 335.

- As it would work on the basis of Califor-

nia assessments, 336-340.

Claims of its advocates, 324-326.
Definition of, 324.

If just should be adopted, 329.

Lack of data for estimating result of, 327.
Not a new doctrine, 340.

- Reply to arguments for, 325.

- Result of, to farmers, 327.

- Similar to one of the doctrines of Social-

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Good it has accomplished, 425.
Grandeur of conception of, 425.

-If established must be based on rural and
not urban life, 427.

Not reconcilable with rural life, 433.
Not to be lightly reckoned with, 424.
Propositions on which it rests, 423.
Ranks of include good men, 424.
Relations of to organized labor, 427.
Relation of to cooperation, 428.

- Reply to claims of, 426-427.

Some of its aims favored by non-Socialists,.
425.

Ultimate aims of, 423.

-What it necessarily implies, 424.

Socialistic Labor Party, demands of not
Socialism, 394-395.

Social Reform, discussion has centered about
urban interests, 42.

Discussion of not unprofitable, 422.
Farmers ignored in plans for, 423.
-Must begin with rural life, 423.
Probability of, 432.

Social Reforms, many proposed overlook in-
firmities of human nature, 258.

Social Intercourse, an important economic
factor, 99.

Difficulties attending it in rural districts,
96.

Essential to a happy life, 96.

How best promoted in rural districts, 98.
If left unregulated tends to deterioration,
99.

Lacking in farm life, 96.

-Should be enjoyed by young and old to-
gether, 97.

The labor falls mostly on women, 98.

- The lack of it one cause of the farmer's
discontent, 97.

The young must and will have it, 97.
Society, an uncompleted evolution, 37.
Soetbeer, A.. index tables of, 643.
Southern California, orange industry of, 505.
Southern California Deciduous Fruit Ex-

changes, expenses of organization of, 486.
Organization of, 485.

Southern California Fruit Exchanges (Cit-
rus), 505.

-Beginning of business of, 512.
Character of, 509.

Conditions leading to organization of,
566-508.

Difficulties of, 513-514.
Methods of, 513.

-Organization of, 510.
-Success of, 514.

Soil, analysis of; its use and value in agri-
culture, 69.

- Drainage of, 87.

- Importance of physical condition of, 87.
-Result of leaving it naked, 86.

Should be kept constantly covered with
growing plants, 86.

Special Agricultural Schools, 51.
Speculators, conflict of bulls and bears, 177.
Speculation, effects of reaction from on land
values, 108.

How conducted on Exchanges, 178.

In farm products; results to farmers,
179-180.

Its effects on American farmers, 107.
Meaning of, 176.

Most effective method of suppressing, 181.
Speculators, different classes of, 176.
Standard of Life, the farm the farmer's stand-
point, 124.

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-A study as the author would conduct it, 78.
A study as Mr. Clinton would make it, 82.
- Advantage of crops largely produced in
the vicinity, 80.

Consists in finding out the essential things
that are not already known, 77.

It involves a study of costs, 78.

It is the waste of effort that kills, 81.

If a good farm does not pay, the fault is
with the farmer, 78.

- No two men would proceed in the same
way, 76.

-The farm the only place to learn farming,
76.

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Party platforms on, 295..

Problems of, how complicated in U. S., 302.
Objects of the chapter on, 295.

Opinions on, how formed and changed, 302.
Position of extremists on both sides, 294.
Protective, nature of popular discussion
on, 306.

Protective, summary of arguments against,

309, 310.

Protective, summary of arguments for,
307, 308.

Protective, usual argument for, 304.
Reasoning of most economists on, 303.
Relation of balance of trade theories to,
310, 312.

- Reply to the reasoning of free trade econo-
mists, 304.

-The kind we all really desire, 302.
Trade, balance of, 310-312.

Retail; everywhere infected with fraud,
185.

Tradesman, country, must charge high
prices if he sells on credit, 183.

Tradesmen; danger of debt to them, 185.

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- Dealings of Granges with, 184.

How farmers should deal with them, 183.

Retail, economic value of to farmers, 183.
Retail, profits of, 182.

Trade Unionism, aims of, 385, 428.

Transportation, cost of, 646.

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Study of problems in, 158.

Transportation System; affect of its develop-

ment on land prices and speculation, 108.
Trusts, American, 648.

- A permanent feature of civilization, 397.

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As originally conceived not now existing,
396.

- Can not be prevented without paralyzing
business, 411.

Causes leading to their formation, 399.

- Danger of inflammatory methods of treat-
ing them, 411.

-Debauching politics, their most serious
abuse, 406.

- Desirable, if controlled, otherwise not, 408.
- Doing nothing that farmers would not like
to do, 399.

Entitled to have no business secrets, 408.
Farmers should lead the campaign for
their control, 412.

- Fear the people more than the people fear

them, 412.

- First step towards their control, 406.

How formed at present, 397.

- Improper use of money to control political
action, 405.

Industrial, how enabled to thrive, 406.

- Legislation for control of, 408.

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