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Principal and Surety :

(i.) C. A.-Discharge-Alteration of Contract-New Tenancy.- Plaintiff let to B. a farm of 234 acres, and stock of 700 sheep: defendants entered into a bond as sureties to secure the return of an equal number of sheep by B. at the end of the tenancy: subsequently plaintiff and B. agreed that a field of seven acres should be surrendered to plaintiff : Held that defendants were discharged from their liability.-Holme v. Brunskill, L.R. 3 Q.B.D 495; 47 L.J. Q.B. 610; 38 L.T. 838.

(ii.) Ch. Div. F. J.-Change of Circumstances-Concealment -Discharge.— The officer of a company believing that the retention of money by one of its agents amounted to felony directed his arrest: friends of the agent offered to deposit a sum of money as security for any deficiency: and afterwards the company was advised that the acts of the agent did not amount to felony and the directions for his arrest were withdrawn in a subsequent interview with the officer, the offer of the agent's friends was accepted without telling them of the withdrawal of the directions for arrest, and the money was deposited with trustees: Held that the concealment of the change of circumstances from the sureties was improper and the money must be returned.-Davies v. London & Provincial Marine Insurance Co., 26 W.R. 794.

Probate :

(i.) P. D. A. Div.-Costs-Married Woman.--In an action for probate tried by a jury, in which verdict was for plaintiff: Held that a married woman defendant having general personal estate might be condemned in costs.-Morris v. Freeman, L.R. 3 P.D. 65.

(ii.) P. D. A. Div.-Costs out of Real Estate.-Where probate of a will had been justifiably opposed, and it appeared that there was no personalty, the Court ordered the costs of defendant to be paid rateably out of the real estate. Smith v. Hopkinson, 47 L.J. P.D.A. 40; 26 W.R. 884. (iii.) P. D. A. Div.- Incorporation-Attestation on Third Page.-A will written on a sheet of paper had the attestation clause on the third page and the words "turn over,' and on the fourth page a clause dated the day of execution of the will, and signed by the testator; at the time of witnessing the witnesses saw writing on the fourth page: Held that the writing on the fourth page could not be included in probate.--In the Goods of Dearle, 47 L.J. P.D.A. 45; 39 L.T. 93.

(iv.) P. D. A. Div.-Incorporation- Writing on Different Page.-Testatrix made a testamentary disposition on the first three pages of a sheet of paper, signed, but not attested. Subsequently she duly executed a testamentary disposition (not referring to the former one) on the fourth page: Held that the contents of the first three pages were not incorpo rated in her will.-In the Goods of Tovey, 47 L.J. P.D.A. 63.

(v.) C. A.-Married Woman Separate Estate - Jurisdiction. - Before granting probate of the will of a married woman, though it is only necessary for the Court to be satisfied that testatrix had a power, or separate estate, it should decide to what effects the probate is to extend unless the matter can be more conveniently determined elsewhere.-In the Goods of Tharp, Tharp v. Macdonald, 38 L.T. 867.

(vi.) P. D. A. Div.-Two Wills-Compromise.-By consent of parties the Court will grant probate to two testamentary instruments if not incon. sistent with one another.-Robinson v. Clarke, 39 L.T. 43.

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(i.) C. P. Div.-Building--Bye-Laws-Publication--11 & 12 Vict., c. 63; 21 & 22 Vict., c. 98; 10 & 11 Vict., c. 34.-Bye-laws were made by commissioners under powers conferred by the Public Health Acts, 1848 and

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1858, and the Towns Improvement Act, 1847, providing that notice should be given to the surveyor of any new building intended to be erected the bye-laws were published in accordance with the requirements of the Public Health Acts, but not with those of the Towns Improvement Act: Held that the bye-laws had been sufficiently published, but that the term building" did not apply to a brick-kiln and structure for storing tools erected for temporary purposes.—Fielding v. Rhyl Commissioners, 26 W.R. 891.

(ii.) Q. B. Div.-Dismissal of Officer-Quo Warianto.-The Court refused to grant a rule for a quo warranto, applied for by a former officer of a local board, on the ground that his dismissal from office was illegal, as it appeared that if re-instated, he might legally be dismissed immediately. -Ex parte Richards, 47 L.J. Q.B. 498.

(iii.) C. P. Div.-Local Authority-Verbal Contract by-11 & 12 Vict., c. 63, s. 85; 38 & 39 Vict., c. 55, s. 173.-A local board within the Public Health Act, 1848, and urban authority within the Public Health Act, 1875, verbally directed their surveyor to prepare plans for new offices: Held that, as the value of the contract exceeded £50, it could not be enforced against the local board, and that part performance made no difference in this respect --Hunt v. Wimbledon Local Board, 47 L.J. C.P. 540; 39 L.T. 35; 26 W.R. 830.

(iv.) C. P. Div.-Local Authority-Liability-Sewer-Notice of Action.-A local board, which was both a highway and a sewer authority, engaged a contractor to lay down a sewer, who was to be responsible for damage arising from the execution of the works, and to maintain the road in repair for three months from completion of contract: after the expiration of the three months, the road gave way in one place owing to defective filling up of the trench, and in consequence plaintiff's horse was injured: Held that the local board was liable: a notice of action which claimed for damage caused by non-feasance: Held sufficient, although in fact the injury was caused by mis-feasance.-Smith v. West Derby Local Board, 47 L.J. C. P. 607.

Queensland, Law of:

(i.) P. C.—Crown Lands Alienation Act, 1868.--Section 46 of this Act enacts that an applicant for lands must make a declaration that he lives in Queensland: Held that "lives" must be taken in its popular meaning as denoting more than a transient presence in the colony, though not necessarily an intention to create a new domicile; and that a misrepresentation in the declaration avoided the whole contract.-Fisher v. Tully, 47 L.J. P.C. 59.

(ii.) P. C.-Crown Lands Alienation Act, 1868-Decision in Open CourtResidence. The provision in sec. 3 of this Act that all questions shall be decided by the commissioner, who shall give judgment in open court, applies to questions relating to the forfeiture of lands, and requires a hearing in open court: where a selector makes an additional selection under sec. 55, he is not required to continue to reside on his first selec. tion.-Smith v. The Queen, 47 L.J. P.C. 51.

Railway :

(i.) Ex. Div. - Carrier - Alternative Rates. - When a railway company charges alternative rates for the conveyance of cattle, the lower being at owner's risk, if the higher rate is within the Parliamentary limit it is a priori reasonable, though the difference between the rates may be so great that cattle dealers always avail themselves of the lower.-Foreman v. G. W. Rail. Co., 38 L.T. 851.

(ii.) Ch. Div. V. C. M.-Easement-Owner of Adjoining Land-Light and Air. The owner of land on which a railway had been constructed,

erected a house with windows overlooking the line; and the company erected a hoarding before the windows to prevent the owner from acquiring a prescriptive right to light and air: Held that the company had no right to prevent the acquisition of such an easement.-Norton v. L. & N. W. Rail. Co., 39 L.T. 25.

(iii.) H. L.-Level Crossing—Private Railway—5 & 6 Vict., c. 55, s. 9.—The provisions of 5 & 6 Vict., c. 55, s. 9, as to making gates at level crossings, do not apply to a private railway not constructed under Parliamentary powers or for conveyance of passengers.-Matson v. Baird, 26 W.R. 835.

(iv.) C. P. Div.-Passenger-Ticket-Penalty-Intention to Defraud-8 & 9 Vict., c. 20, ss. 103, 109.-A bye-law of a railway company that a passenger travelling without a ticket shall pay the fare from the place whence the train started to the end of his journey is void as being contrary to secs. 103 and 109 of the Railways Clauses Act, 1845, and unreasonable.--London & Brighton Rail. Co. v. Watson, 47 L.J. C.P. 634; 26 W.R. 856.

(v.) H. L.-Undue Preference-8 & 9 Vict., c. 20, s. 90-17 & 18 Vict., c. 31, s. 2.-Defendants gratuitously carted goods of three brewers, and allowed them certain rebates: Held that plaintiff, a brewer, being charged for cartage, and allowed no rebate, could maintain an action for undue preference.-London and North-Western Rail. Co. v. Evershed, 26 W.R. 863.

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(i.) C. A.-Stamp Duty-Medicine-Mineral Water--52 Geo. 3, c. 150; 3 & 4 Will. 4, c. 97.-Defendant sold a composition of carbonate of soda, tartaric acid, and chlorate of potash, which he advertised as a medicine: Held that it was not liable to duty.-Attorney-General v. Lamplough, L.R. 3 Ex. D. 214; 47 L.J. Ex. 555.

Scotland, Law of:

(i.) H.

L.—Tiends—Repetition-Prescription.-Forty years after heritors, who had never paid any stipend, had sold their land and left the parish, a claim for repetition of tiends was brought against them: Held that the right to recoupment was barred by lapse of time.-Davidson v. Sinclair, L.R. 3 App. 765.

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(i.) Ch. Div. V. C. M.-Sale Generally.- The Court may, under section 16 of the Settled Estates Act, 1877, sanction a sale generally.-Re Andrews' Settled Estates, 38 L.T. 877; 26 W.R. 811.

(ii.) Ch. Div. V. C. M.-Sale Generally.--The Court ordered a sale generally on a petition under the Act, either by auction or private contract, subject to a reserve price to be settled at chambers, the trustees to bring the proceeds into Court.-Re Adam's Settled Estates, 38 L.T. 877. Settlement:

(i.) Ch. Div. V. C. B.-Construction-Gift Over.-Property was settled on trust to apply the income for the maintenance of two children till the younger should attain twenty-one, and then to pay the income to them, their heirs and assigns, in equal shares: provided that if either of them should die without leaving issue, his share of the income was given over: one of the children attained twenty-one, and died leaving issue: Held that he took an estate in fee simple as his share.- Olivant v. Wright, 47 L J. Ch. 664.

(ii.) C. A.- Post-Nuptial Settlement — Anti-Nuptial Agreement — Infant― Ratification.-An infant before marriage promised that he would give his

intended wife when he came of age seven houses: he subsequently came of age and married, and some years after settled nine houses on his wife for life, remainder to himself for life, remainder to his wife in fee: Held that this was not a ratification of the anti-nuptial agreement, and was bad against a purchaser from husband.-Trowell v. Shenton, 47 L.J. · Ch. 738; 26 W.R. 837.

(iii.) C. A.-Satisfaction-Will-Parol Evidence.-T. covenanted to settle £2,000 consols in trust as Mrs. W. should appoint, in default to her separate use for life, remainder to her husband for life, remainder to the children of the marriage, and, if no children, remainder to husband: T. subsequently performed the covenant as to £1,000, and by his will gave £2,800 for Mrs. W.'s separate use for life without power of anticipation and then for her children: Held that this was not a satisfaction of the covenant: parol evidence is admissible to rebut but not to raise the presumption of satisfaction.-Tussaud v. Tussaud, 26 W.R. 874. (iv.) C. A.-Tenant in Tail-Disentailing Deed-Protector-3 & 4 Will. 4., c. 74, s. 22.-Where the equity of redemption of a freehold estate was vested in trustees in trust for a married woman for separate use for life remainder to B. in tail: Held that the owner of the prior estate in the 23rd section of the Fines and Recoveries Act was the married woman.Re Dudson's Contract, L.R. 8 Ch. D. 628; 47 L.J. Ch. 632.

(v.) Ch. Div. V. C. M.-Voluntary Settlement-Declaration of Trust.— B. by a deed poll, after reciting his intention to settle certain property on his wife, settled, assigned, and transferred to her, as though she were a single woman, the property: Held that the deed operated as a declara. tion of trust.-Baddeley v. Baddeley, 38 L.T. 906; 26 W.R. 850.

Ship:

(i.) C. A.-Authority of Master-Sale of Cargo.-The master of a ship has primâ facie no authority to sell the cargo: and to justify a sale, without the authority of the owners, he must show an urgent necessity for the sale and inability to communicate with the owners.-Acatos v. Burns, L.R. 3 Ex. D. 282; 47 L.J. Ex. 566.

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(ii) C. A.-Authority of Ship's Husband-Pledging Freight.— R., owner of a ship, who had mortgaged his share, and who was also acting as ship's husband, assigned to plaintiff the freight payable by the charterers in respect of a voyage then unfinished: before the end of the voyage, the other owners of the ship and R.'s mortgagee appointed another ship's husband, who gave the charterers notice not to pay the freight to plaintiff: Held that R. had no power to assign the whole freight, and that the mortgagee had effectually interfered so as to entitle himself to R.'s share of the freight as against R. and the plaintiff.Beynon v. Godden, L.R. 3 Ex. D. 263; 39 L.T. 82.

(iii.) C. A.-Bill of Lading-Charter-party-Demurrage.-The defendants, consignees of part of cargo, were prevented from landing their goods within the time allowed through the delay of other consignees: the charter-party allowed fourteen days for loading and unloading, "and ten days on demurrage at £35 per day:" the bills of lading contained the words, "paying freight for the same goods and all other conditions as per charter-party :" Held that defendants were liable for demurrage. -Porteus v. Watney, L.R. 3 Q.B.D. 534; 47 L.J. Q B. 643.

(iv.) C. A.-Charter-party-Despatch Money.-A charter-party provided for the payment by the shipowner to charterer of despatch money at 10s. per hour on any time saved in loading unloading Held that dispatch

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money was payable in respect of each hour saved, taking a day to contain twenty-four hours.-Laing v. Holloway, L.R. 3 Q.B.D. 437; 47 L.J. Q.B. 512.

(v.) C. A.-Collision-Crossing Ships-Navigation of Thames.-When one steamer on the Thames was steering parallel to the shore, and the other obliquely across the stream: Held that they were crossing vessels, and under rule 29 of Rules for Navigation of Thames, 1872, the one which had the other on her starboard was bound to keep out of the way.-The Oceano, L.R. 3 P.D. 60.

(vi.) P. D. A. Div.-Compulsory Pilotage.-A vessel in charge of a pilot, whom the master was compelled to take, and who was engaged to take her into dock, was brought to anchor, being prevented by the weather from docking, and drove into collision with another vessel: Held that she was under the carge of the pilot.-The Princeton, 47 L.J. P.D.A. 33. (vii.) Q. B. Div.-Demurrage-Contract to Deliver during Specified Months. -Defendants contracted to buy from plaintiff from 5,000 to 6,000 tons of ore to be delivered at C. during the months of June, July, August, and Septemher: Held that the contract could not be read as if equal monthly instalments were intended.-Calaminus v. Dowlais Ore Co., 47 L.J. Q.B. 575.

(viii.) P. D. A. Div.-Foreign Ship-Jurisdiction.-In an action of coownership by a foreigner against a foreign vessel, the representative of the State to which the vessel belonged refused to interfere on application of another foreigner, who appeared under protest, the action was dismissed with costs.-The Agincourt, 47 L.J. P.D.A. 37. (ix.) Q. B. Div.-General Average-Salvage Services.-A ship having stranded in the course of a voyage to L., the shipowner sent over persons to undertake salvage operations, and the whole cargo was saved and brought to L., and the freight earned: the shipowner incurred considerable trouble and expense in getting the cargo to L, identifying and distributing it, and in the general average statement a remuneration to him was charged for arranging for salvage operations and distributing the cargo: Held the charge was improper.-Schuster v. Fletcher, 47 L.J. Q.B. 530.

(x.) C. A.-Insurance Constructive Total Loss-Notice of Abandonment.— Plaintiff received at Singapore on Feb. 7th, reports of damage sustained by his vessel from which he determined to treat the loss as a constructive total loss: the vessel was sold on Feb. 23rd, and reports forwarded to co-owner at Z., which reached the underwriters on March 11th: Held that plaintiff was not excused from giving notice of abandonment to the underwriters, that no proper notice was given, and therefore he could not recover on his policy.-Kaltenbach v. Mackenzie, 38 L.T. 942; 26 W.R. 844.

(xi.) C. A.—Insurance-Partial Loss-Repairs.-A shipowner effected a policy on a ship which sustained damage at sea, and salvage expenses were incurred: the owner refused to abandon, and the ship was repaired : Held that the measure of damages was to be ascertained by the cost of repairs less one-third new for old, though the underwriters would in fact be liable for more than a total loss, with benefit of salvage; and that they were liable for a proportion of salvage expenses beyond the amount of the insurance.--Lohre v. Aitchison, L.R. 3 Q.B.D. 558; 47 L.J. Q.B. 534; 38 L.T. 802; 26 W.R. 780.

(xii.) C. A.-Insurance-Seaworthiness-Onus of Proof.-In an action on a voyage policy, the question whether the circumstances are sufficient to raise a presumption that the ship was not seaworthy at the commencement of the risk, and to throw the onus of proving her so, on the owner, is a question of fact for the jury.- Pickup v. Thames and Mersey Marine Insurance Co., L.R. 3 Q.B.D. 594.

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