habitation. Criminal Marriages-Bigamous marriages; incestuous marriages; marriages within the time limited for taking an appeal from a decree of divorce or while such appeal is pending.

NEVADA.

Void Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees. Bigamous marriages. Voldable Marriages-Marriages below the age of legal consent, unless the parties voluntarily cohabited after reaching legal age; marriages where either party is incapable, for want of understanding, of assenting thereto, unless there is voluntary cohabitation after such incapacity is removed; marriages obtained by fraud, unless there is subsequent voluntary cohabitation. Such marriages are vold from the time their "nullity shall be declared by a court of competent authority." Criminal Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; bigamous marriages; marriages of whites with black persons, mulattos, Indians or Chinese; marriage by false impersonation; marriage of a woman by force, menace or duress.

NEW HAMPSHIRE,

Prohibited Marriages-Marriage within prohibited degrees. Void MarriagesMarriages within prohibited degrees, if solemnized within the state; bigamous marriages, if solemnized within the state, knowing the former husband or wife to be alive. Criminal Marriages-Bigamous marriages; incestuous marriages.

NEW JERSEY.

Prohibited Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; and, by the act of April 3, 1902, bigamous marriages. The act of March 28, 1904, prohibits any person who has been confined in any public asylum or institution as an epileptic, insane or feeble minded patient from intermarrying in this state without a certificate from two regularly licensed physicians of the state that he has been completely cured of such insanity, epilepsy or feeble mind, and that there is no probability that such person will transmit any such defects or disabilities to the issue of such marriage. Void Marriages-Marriages within the prohibited degrees, by the act of April 3, 1902; bigamous marriages: abduction and marriage of a female under 15 years of age without the consent of her parents or guardians. Voidable Marriages Marriage within the prohibited degrees under act of April 3, 1902, Criminal Marriages-Marriages incestuous or within the prohibited degrees; bigamous marriages; marriage of a woman against her will; marriage of a female under 15 years of age without parental consent. The act of March 28, 1904, makes marriages criminal when contracted with an epileptic, insane or feeble minded patient who has not recovered.

NEW MEXICO.

Prohibited Marriages-Solemnization of marriage under the age fixed by law is prohibited in the absence of consent of the parent or guardian. Voidable Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; marriages of males under 18 and females under 15 years of age. Criminal Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; bigamous marriages; marriage of a female by force, menace or duress; marriage under age contrary to the statute.

NEW YORK.

Prohibited Marriages-The statutes prohibit the defendant in a divorce case on the ground of adultery against whom a decree has been pronounced from marrying again during the life of the plaintiff. The court in which such decree was rendered could modify the decree so as to permit such marriage after five years, provided that the plaintiff had remarried. The act of May 17, 1897, makes the same provision, except that it does not require that the plaintiff shall have remarried. Void Marriages-Bigamous marriages; incestuous marriages. Voidable Marriages-Marriages under the age of consent, but such marriages are not voidable at suit of the party who was of the age of consent, nor where the parties freely cohabit after reaching such age; marriages to which either party is incapable of consenting, from want of understanding; marriages, either party to which is physically incompetent; marriages in which consent is obtained by force, duress or fraud. The word "duress" was added by the act of April 17, 1896, which also adds marriages when a former wife or husband is living, but such wife or husband has been absent for five successive years and not known to the other party to be living during that time. These marriages are "void from the time" their "nullity is declared by a court of competent jurisdiction." Criminal Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; bigamous marriages; marriages to which consent is obtained by menace, force or duress; marriages by false personation.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Prohibited Marriages-Marriages between whites and negroes or Indians, or between whites and persons of negro or Indian descent to the third generation, inclusive. Vold Marriages Bigamous, and between whites and persons of negro descent to the third generation, inclusive. Voidable Marriages-Marriages within the prohibited degrees; marriages under the age of consent; marriages, either party to which is physically impotent; marriages which either party is incapable of contracting for want of will or understanding. The amendment of March 7, 1887, adds marriage between a Croatan Indian and a person of negro descent to the third generation, inclusive. These marriages may be declared void from the beginning by the court, but their validity cannot be attacked after the birth of issue and the death of one of the parties. Criminal Marriages-Marriage of a

female under the age of fourteen years; marriages of whites with negroes; bigamous marriages. NORTH DAKOTA.

Prohibited Marriages.-Under the Code of 1885, the marriage of the guilty party to a divorce for adultery during the life of the innocent party. By the amendment of March 7, 1901, the marriage of either party to a divorce within three months after the decree. Void Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; bigamous marriages. Voldable Marriages-Under the Code of 1885, until repealed by the Code of 1895, marriages were voldable where either party was incapable, from physical causes, of entering into the marriage state, or where the consent of either was obtained by force or fraud. Criminal Marriages-Marriage of a woman induced by force, menace or duress; incestuous marriages; bigamous marriages; marriages by false impersonation. OHIO.

Prohibited Marriages-The statute declares that "male persons of the age of eighteen years and female persons of the age of sixteen years, not nearer of kin than second cousins and not having a husband or wife living, may be joined in marriage. Criminal Marriages-Incestuous; bigamous.

OREGON.

Prohibited Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; bigamous marriages. The statute in force in 1887 prohibited marriages between whites and negroes, or persons of one-fourth or more negro blood. The act of February 20, 1895, amends the foregoing by prohibiting marriages between whites and negroes or Mongolians, or persons of one-fourth or more negro or Mongolian blood. Void Marriages-All marriages which are prohibited by law on account of consanguinity between the parties, or on account of either party having a former husband or wife then living; marriages between a white person and a person having one-fourth or more negro, Chinese or Kanaka blood, or more than one-half Indian blood. Voidable Marriages-Marriages where either party is incapable of contracting or consenting, for want of legal age or sufficient understanding; or when the consent of either party is obtained by force or fraud. Such marriages are voidable only at suit of party laboring under disability, or upon whom force or fraud is practised, and not by such person if the parties freely cohabit after arriving at legal age, or acquiring sufficient understanding, or being restored to reason, freed from the force, or having discovered the fraud. Criminal Marriages-The vold marriages given above, and marriage of a female under sixteen years without parents' consent.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Prohibited Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; marriage of the guilty party after a divorce for adultery. Void Marriages-Bigamous. Voidable Marriages Within prohibited degrees. Criminal Marriages-Incestuous; bigamous.

RHODE ISLAND.

Prohibited Marriages-Within prohibited degrees. Void Marriages-Within prohibited degrees; bigamous; when either party is an idiot or lunatic. Criminal Marriages-Within prohibited degrees; bigamous.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Prohibited Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; marriages of idiots and lunatics. Void Marriages-Bigamous marriages; marriages of whites with Indians, negroes, mulattos, mestizos or half-breeds. The courts have held the marriage of an insane person vold. Criminal Marriages-Bigamous marriages; Incestuous marriages; marriage of a female under the age of sixteen years, by abduction; marriages of whites with Indians, negroes, mulattos, mestizos or halfbreeds.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Prohibited Marriages-Marriage of the guilty party to a divorce for adultery during the life of the innocent party. Void Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; bigamous marriages. Voidable Marriages-Marriages to which consent is obtained by force or fraud, or if either party is physically incapable of entering into the married state. Criminal Marriages-Marriage of a female induced by force, menace or duress; marriages induced by false personation; incestuous marriages; bigamous marriages. TENNESSEE.

Prohibited Marriages-Person guilty of adultery is prohibited from marrying the person with whom the crime was committed during the life of the former spouse. Marriages within prohibited degrees; marriages of whites with negroes, mulattos or persons of mixed blood, descended from a negro to the third generation, inclusive; bigamous marriages. Void Marriages-The statutes declare that the three prohibited marriages given last above cannot be contracted, but do not expressly declare them void. The courts have held bigamous marriages absolutely vold. Criminal Marriages-Marriage of a female compelled by force, menace or duress; marriages of whites with negroes or descendants of negroes to the third generation; incestuous marriages, bigamous marriages.

TEXAS.

Prohibited Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; marriages between persons of European blood or their descendants and Africans, or the descendants

of Africans. In Section 2959, Revised Civil Statutes, 1895, the word European in the foregoing is changed to Caucasian. Void Marriages Marriages between persons of Caucasian blood or their descendants and Africans or the descendants of Africans. Criminal Marriages-The prohibited marriages given above; bigamous marriages; marriage of a woman by abduction.

VERMONT.

Prohibited Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees. Void Marriages— Bigamous marriages and incestuous marriages, solemnized within the state. Voidable Marriages-Marriages below the age of legal consent, unless the parties freely cohabited after reaching such age, but not voidable on the application of the party who was of legal age; marriages in which consent is obtained by force or fraud, unless the parties subsequently voluntarily cohabited; marriages in which either party is an idiot or lunatic, unless after the restoration of such person to reason the parties voluntarily cohabited; marriages in which either party is physically incapable of entering into the marriage state, but only voldable at the sult of the injured party and within two years after marriage. Criminal Marriages—– Bigamous marriages, incestuous marriages; marriage of a person against whom a decree of divorce is rendered, to any person other than the libellant, within three years from the time the decree is granted.

VIRGINIA.

Prohibited Marriages Within prohibited degrees. Void Marriages-Marriages between white and colored persons, bigamous marriages; marriages under the age of consent, if there be separation during nonage and no cohabitation after reaching such age. Voidable Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; marriages of insane persons and of persons physically incapable of entering the marriage state. Such inarriages are declared to be "void from the time they shall be so declared by a decree of divorce or nullity, or from the time of the conviction of the parties," under the penal statutes. Criminal Marriages-Marriage by taking away and detaining against her will any female; bigamous marriages; incestuous marriages; marriages of white and colored persons.

WASHINGTON,

Prohibited Marriages Within prohibited degrees; bigamous. Voidable Marriages Marrriages to which either party is incapable of consenting for want of legal age or a sufficient understanding, or where the consent of either is obtained by force or fraud, are voidable, but only at the suit of the party laboring under the disability, or upon whom force or fraud is imposed. Criminal MarriagesMarriages within prohibited degrees; bigamous marriages; marriage of a woman by force, menace or duress.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Prohibited Marriages-Within prohibited degrees. Voidable Marriages-Marriages between whites and negroes; bigamous marriages; marriages within prohibited degrees; marriages when either party is insane, or incapable from physical causes of entering into the marriage state; marriages under the age of consent. All such marriages are "void from the time they are so declared by a decree of divorce or nullity." Criminal Marriages-Bigameus marriages; marriages within prohibited degree; marriages of whites and negroes. It it criminal to take away or detain a female against her will with intent to marry her or cause her to marry another.

WISCONSIN.

Prohibited Marriages-Marriages within prohibited degrees; bigamous marriages. The act of May 2, 1901, declares it unlawful for persons to marry within one year after divorce unless authorized by the court which grants the divorce. The act of June 19, 1905, amends the foregoing by providing that the court may only authorize the divorced persons to remarry each other within one year. "No insane person or idiot shall le capable of contracting a marriage." Void Marriages-Incestuous marriages and bigamous marriages, if solemnized within the state; marriages of insane persons or idiots; marriages of divorced persons within one year after decree, by the act of May 2, 1901. Voldable Marriages-Marriages to which either party is incapable of assenting from want of age or understanding; marriages to which consent is obtained by force or fraud, in the absence of subsequent voluntary cohabitation. Such marriages are declared to be "vold from such time as shall be fixed by the judgment of a court of competent authority declaring the nullity thereof." Criminal Marriages All prohibited marriages.

WYOMING.

insane person

Prohibited Marriages-Bigamous marriages; marriage of an or idiot; marriages within the prohibited degree. Such marriages "shall in no case be solemnized." Void Marriages-Within prohibited degrees; bigamous; of insane persons or idiots. Voidable Marriages-Marriages to which either party is under the age of legal consent, if the parties separate during nonage and do not cohabit afterwards; and marriages to which the consent of either party is obtained by force or fraud, and there is no subsequent voluntary cohabitation. Criminal Bigamous.

DIVORCE LAWS.

CAUSES FOR DIVORCE.

There are thirty-five different causes for absolute divorce recognized in the different States and Territories. In the following table the causes are given separately and the States and Territories in which each is recognized:

Desertion-Abandonment or Desertion.-In all except New York, District of Columbia, North Carolina and South Carolina.

Refusal to Move to State.-Tennessee.

Cruelty-Extreme Cruelty.-Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Florida, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon and California.

Attempt to Take Life.-Illinois, Tennessee and Louisiana.

Violence Endangering Life.-Pennsylvania, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky, Alabama and Arkansas.

Indignities and Defamation.-Pennsylvania, Missouri, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, Wyoming, Washington and Oregon.

Sexual Immorality-Adultery.-In all States but South Carolina. (1 Dateix
Crime Against Nature.-Alabama.
Lewd Conduct.-Kentucky.
Loathsome Disease.-Kentucky.

Intemperance-Habitual Drunkenness.-Maine, New Hampshire, Massachu setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Florida, Ohio, Indiana, Ilnois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Misouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon and California.

Habitual Use of Drugs.-Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Mississippi. Neglect-Neglect to Provide.-Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Delaware, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Tennessee, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada and Washington.

Neglect of Duty. Ohio, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Oklahoma, Montana, Idaho and California.

Defects of Disposition-Violent Temper.-Florida and Kentucky.
Intolerant Religious Belief.-New Hampshire and Kentucky.

Crime-Conviction or Imprisonment.-All except Maine, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, District of Columbia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida.

Fugitive from Justice.-Virginia and Louisiana.

Lack of Real Consent to Marriage-Duress or Force.-Pennsylvania, Georgia, Kentucky and Washington.

Fraud or Fraudulent Contract.-Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Ohio, Kansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Washington.

Incapacity to Contract Marriage-Mental Incapacity.-Georgia, Mississippi, Idaho, Utah and Washington.

Want of Age.-Delaware,

Personal Unfitness to Contract Marriage-Impotency.-All except Vermont, Connecticut, New York, District of Columbia, South Carolina, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, Montana, Idaho and California.

Pregnancy before Marriage.--Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Wyoming, New Mexico and Arizona.

Illicit Carnal Intercourse.-Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia. Illegality of Marriage-Bigamy.-Pennsylvania, Florida, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Colorado. Consanguinity.-Pennsylvania, Georgia, Florida and Mississippi.

Other Causes-Void and Voidable Marriages (not otherwise specified).— Rhode Island and Maryland.

Previous Divorce in Another State.-Florida, Ohio and Michigan.
Misconduct.-Rhode Island and Wisconsin.
Vagrancy.-Missouri and Wyoming.

Voluntary Separation.-Rhode Island, after ten years; Kentucky, after five

years.

Civil Death.-Rhode Island.

Presumption of Death.-Rhode Island and Connecticut.
Causes Deemed Sufficient by Courts.-Washington.

Limited Divorces.-Limited divorces or separations from bed and board are granted in Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota (in favor of wife only), Rhode Island, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania (in favor of wife only), Rhode Island, Tennessee (in favor of wife only), Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin.

Absolute divorces are granted in Hawaii for the following causes: (a) Adultery of either party. (b) Desertion for term of three years. (c) Imprisonment for life or for more than seven years. (d) Chinese leprosy.

LENGTH OF RESIDENCE REQUIRED BEFORE BRINGING SUIT FOR DIVORCE. Five Years-Massachusetts (except if when married both parties were residents three years). The residence limitation is four years.

Three Years Alabama (in cases of voluntary abandonment), Connecticut (unless the cause of divorce shall have arisen subsequent to the removal into the state; or unless the defendant shall have continuously resided in the state three years next before the date of petition, and actual service shall have been made upon him; or unless the alleged cause is habitual intemperance, or intolerable cruelty, and the plaintiff was domiciled in the state at the time of the marriage, and before bringing the petition has returned to the state with the intention of permanently remaining), District of Columbia (for any cause occurring outside of the District and prior to residence therein), Massachusetts (in cases where both parties were residents on marriage).

Two Years-Florida (except for adultery, when residence qualification is waived), Indiana, Maryland (if cause occurred outside the state), New Jersey (in cases of desertion), North Carolina, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont (if cause occurred in another state or country).

One Year-Alabama (all cases except voluntary abandonment), Arizona, Arkansas (in case the cause of divorce occurred or existed out of the state; the plaintiff must have been a resident of the state at the time the cause arose or existed, unless it was also a legal cause of divorce in the state where it arose or existed), California, Colorado (except on ground of adultery or extreme cruelty. when the offence was committed within the state), Georgia, Idaho (cases of insanity), Illinois (unless the offence or injury complained of was committed in the state, or while one or both of the parties resided in the state), Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky (in case the cause of divorce arose or existed without the state, the plaintiff must have been a resident of the state at the time the cause arose or existed, unless it was also a cause for divorce in the place where it arose or existed), Maine, Michigan, Minnesota (except when the action is on the ground of adultery committed while the complainant was a resident of the state), Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin (except in case of adultery alleged to have been committed while plaintiff was a resident of the state; or if the marriage was solemnized in the state, the plaintiff must have resided therein from the time of such marriage to the time of the commencement of the action), Wyoming.

Six Months-Idaho (all cases except insanity), Nebraska (in case the marriage was solemnized in the state it is sufficient that complainant has resided in the state from the time of marriage to the time of filing the complaint), Nevada,

Texas.

WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

In the United States women enjoy suffrage on equal terms with men at all elections in five states: Wyoming, established in 1869; Colorado, in 1893; Utah, in 1896; Idaho, in 1896, and Washington, in 1910.

Constitutional amendments establishing woman suffrage were defeated in Oklahoma, Oregon and South Dakota in 1910. School board suffrage prevails in some form in Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Hamp shire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Ohio, South Dakita, Utah, Vermont and Wisconsin. Women taxpayers have been invested with the right to vote on questions affecting taxation by Montana in 1887, Louisiana in 1898 and by Michigan in 1908. Suffrage on bond questions was given to women in Iowa in 1894, and the New York Legislature passed in 1901 a law providing that a woman who possesses the qualification to vote for village or town officers, except the qualification of sex, who is the owner of property in the village assessed upon the last assessment roll, shall be entitled to vote upon a proposition to raise money by tax assessments. National American Woman Suffrage Association.

The object of this association is to secure protection in the right to vote to the women citizens of the United States by appropriate national and state legislation. Individuals may become members or co-operating members of the association by the payment of $1; national organizations may become affiliated members on approval of two-thirds of the National Executive Committee and upon the payment of $10 annual dues. The officers are: President, Rev. Anna Howard Shaw, Moylan, Penn.; first vicepresident, Catharine Waugh McCulloch, Evanston, Ill.; second vice-president, Kate M. Gordon, New Orleans, La.; corresponding secretary, Mary Ware Dennett, 503 Fifth avenue, New York City; recording secretary, Ella 8. Stewart, Chicago, Ill.; treasurer, Jessie Ashley, New York City.

Headquarters, No. 505 Fifth avenue, New York. Auxiliaries: College Equal Suffrage League, Bryn Mawr, Penn.; Friends Equal Rights Association, Ednor, Md.; the Equal Franchise Society, New York.

The Political Equality Association.

The Political Equality Association, devoted to the advancement of woman suffrage, has its headquarters at No. 505 Fifth avenue, New York City. Its president is Mrs. Oliver H. P. Belmont. These branches have been organized in New York City: Har lem Club, headquarters No. 84 East 111th street, Miss Nettie A. Podell organizer; Wage earners' League, beadquarters No. 196 East Broadway, Miss Bertha Ryshpan organizer; Bronx Branch, headquarters No. 854 Hewett Place, The Bronx, Mrs. Sarah L. Ostrow organizer; East New York Branch, headquarters No. 1869 East New York