..July 1, DATE OF BEGINNING OF ERAS AND OTHER PERIODS. Name. Abraham Foundation of Rome. April 24, Name. Julian Year, acc. to Usher Usual Christian. Jerusalem -Began. Oct. 19, 46 B. C. .Jan. 1, 38 B. C. .Jan. 1, 30 B. C. .Feb. 14, 27 B. C. ...Jan. 1, 1 A. D. .Sept. 1, 69 A. D. 776 B. C. Era of the Macca 482 B. C. Era of Diocletian. 295 A. D. 552 A. D. Tyrian ...Oct. 19, 126 B. C. Sidonian .... Mahometan Hegira...July 16, 622 A. D. 632 A, D. EXPLANATORY NOTE.-The DOMINICAL Letter or letters (two for Leap Years), or Sunday Letters, indicates the day of the year on which the first Sunday occurs, the first seven letters of the alphabet being used. Thus for 1911 the Dominical Letter is A, the first letter of the alphabet, and hence the first day of the year will be the first Sunday of the year. In Leap Years two letters are used, the first being for January and February and the latter, being the preceding letter, answers for the last ten months in order to maintain the cycle. The GOLDEN NUMBER is that number of a cycle of 19 years, which shows how many years have passed since New Moon fell on January 1, for in nearly 19 years the Solar and Lunar years nearly come together. The chief use of this cycle is in fixing the date of Easter, and in this same connection is used the EPACT. The SOLAR CYCLE is the number of years that have elapsed since the days of the week fell on the same days of the year, or when there will be, therefore, a recurrence of the Dominical or Sunday Letter. This would be the case every seven years but for Leap Year; hence, four times seven is the cycle, or 28 years. It is the remainder found by adding 9 to the year and dividing the sum by 28. The ROMAN INDICTION is a cycle of 15 years and is of no utility except to chronologers. It is the remainder found by adding 8 to the year and dividing by 15. THE JULIAN PERIOD is a cycle of 7980 years, and is the product of the three cycles-Golden Number (19), Solar Cycle (28) and Roman Indiction (15) and hence shows the time when these three cycles will coincide, or begin at the same time. The first of this cycle will be completed in the year 2267. It is the year +4713. The DIONYSIAN Period is a cycle of 532 years, and is also called the Great Paschal Cycle, being the product of a complete Solar and Lunar Cycle (28x19). It is the remainder found by adding 457 to the year and dividing by 532, and with the Julian Period is chiefly used by chronologers. The JEWISH LUNAR CYCLE is always three less than the Golden Number, and is used by the Jews in fixing the time of their festivals. The rule for computing the Dominical Letter for any year is somewhat complicated and for that reason is omitted here. For the convenience of the railroads and business in general a standard of time was established by mutual agreement in 1883, and it is by this method of calculation that trains are now run and local time is regulated. In accordance with this system the United States extending from 65° to 125 west longitude is divided into four time sections, as shown on the map. Inside of each of these sections standard time is uniform, and the time of each section differs from that next to it by exactly one hour. If the standard time correction for any place not enumerated in the table be desired proceed as follows: Locate the place, as any one can approximately on this map, and then subdivide the hour space in which the place is until the distance in time (60m. one space) from that meridian within whose bounds the place is located is apparent. Then add or subtract the result to mean time as the sign at the top of the map indicates. Example: What will be the standard time of sunrise July 1 at Penn Yan, N. Y.? The map does not give the lines of latitude and longitude, but most people can locate their own place in its respective State on the map with sufficient correctness. By this means I locate Penn Yan at about one-eighth of the distance between the 75th and 90th meridians and within the Eastern time zone. will give 8m. to be added, or 4 34. at The year 1329 is the 9th of the 45th cycle of 30 years. Lasts. | Month. Years. No. Name. Fasting. 29 29 THE JULIAN Lasts, Begins. days. 29 wad... 8...Sheban ... .July 28, 1911 1329... 9...Ramadan .Aug. 26, 1911 1329...10... Schawall ...Sept. 25, 1911 1329...11...Dul Kaeda..Oct. 24, 1911 1329...12...Dulheggia... Nov. 23, 1911 1330... 1...Muharrem...Dec. 22, 1911 1330... 2...Saphar .....Jan. 21, 1912 CALENDAR. 30 29 30 29 30 29 In the Roman (Julian) Calendar the months corresponded exactly with our own, excepting that down to the time of the Emperor Augustus the fifth and sixth months of the year-which, with the Romans, began with March-were called Quintilis and Sextills; afterward they were named in honor of the Emperors Julius and Augustus. In reckoning the days of each month three hxed points were taken, and any particular day was said to be so many days before the next coming fixed day. These three points were (1) the Kalends, by which name the first of each month was known; (2) the Nones, which fell on the seventh day of the month in March, May, July and October, and on the fifth day in each of the other months; and the Ides, which always fell eight days after the Nones. This Calendar, although reckoned from September 22, 1792, was not introduced until November 22, 1793. It remained in use till December 31, 1805. The Gregorian Calendar was restored January 1, 1806 (Nivõse 10, Year xiv). The months varied in different years. Nivôse commenced December 21 in 1793, December 22 in 1804 and 1805. The following are the dates for the year 1804, the last complete year of the calendar: Vendémiaire (Vintage), Sept. 23-Oct. 22. Germinal (Budding), Mar. 22-Apr. 21. The months were divided into three parts of ten days each, but to make up the 365 days five days were added at the end of September: (Primidi), dedicated to Virtue; (Duodi) to Genius; (Tridi) to Labor; (Quartidi) to Opinion; and the fifth (Quint.di) to Rewards. To Leap Year, called Olympic, a sixth day, September 22 or 23 (Sextidi), "Jour de la Révolution," was added. THE SIGNS AND CONSTELLATIONS OF THE ZODIAC. Until recently we supposed that the present relationship between the signs and constellations of the zodiac was generally understood, as all astronomical text books mention their disagreement and explain the cause. The numerous letters of inquiry concerning differences between this data in this almanac and certain others show the necessity for this note of explanation. Thousands of years ago, the zodiac, that belt of the heavens, about 16° in width, within which move the moon and planets, was formed and divided into twelve parts or seasons called signs, each containing certain star groups called constellations. Each was given a name of an object or animal, which never did bear any relationship to the configuration of the stars in that group or division, but which did, or is supposed to, have reference to certain astronomical or other facts. Thus Libra, the scales or balance, comes at the autumnal equinox, when there Is an equilibrium or balance between the length of day and night the world over. Aquarius,, the water bearer, and whose sign is the Egyptian sign for running water, comes at the season of greatest rains in Egypt, etc. Since the time when these divisions were made and named, owing to the precession of the equinoxes, resulting from the differing polar and equatorial diameters of the earth, the signs have moved back west nearly a whole division, or constellation, and where P was the first, now 18. Hence though the sun now enters the s.gn March 20, it is a month later when he enters the constellation P. It must be apparent, therefore, that any supposed influence or relationship which early astrologers attributed to the position of the sun. moon or plane s when in certain of these divisions can no longer exist, as the sign now only represents that space or division of the zodiac where the controlling constellation was 2.000 or more years ago, but is not now. Nevertheless, some almanacs still give the signs for the moon's place, which is very misleading to those who attempt to follow her in her course among the stars. Hence, this almanac gives the constellation and discards the ancient picture of the disembowelled man as relics of the age of superstition. sign is retained for sun's place in the seasons and sun's place each month because of its relationship to the equinoxes and solstices. The EMBER DAYS. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday after: First Sunday in Lent-March 8, 10 and 11; Pentecost-June 7. 9 and 10; September 14-September 20, 22 and 23; December 13-December 20, 22 and 23. GREEK CHURCH OR RUSSIAN CALENDAR. A. D. 1911; A. M. 8020. l'eter aud Paul, Chief Apostles. Repose of Theotokos. CHINESE CALENDAR, YEAR 4608. The year 1911 corresponds nearly with the Chinese year 4608, or the 48th year of the 76th cycle of 60 years, is a leap year, the 6th month being duplicated, and contains 384 days. 1st Month begins.. 2d Month begins. 3d Month begins.. 4th Month begins.. 5th Month begins.. 6th Month begins.. 6th Month begins. .August 24 .September 22 October 22 ....November 21 ......December 20 .....January 19, 1912 .....January 30 7th Month begins.... Sth Month begins... 9th Month begins.. JEWISH OR HEBREW CALENDAR. Year 5671-'72, A. M. 5671 8 Iyar Gregorian Date. Rosh Chodesh...Sat.-Sun., Dec. 31, 1910-Jan. 1, 1911 Tuesday, January 10, 1911 Tues.-Wed., Feb. 28-Mar. 1, 1911 Monday, March 13, 1911 Tues.-Wed., March 14-15, 1911 Thursday, March 30, 1911 .. Thursday, April 13, 1911 .Fri.-Sat., April 28-29, 1911 Tuesday, May 16, 1911 ....Sunday, May 28, 1911 ..... Friday, June 2, 1911 Mon.-Tues., June 26-27, Year. No. Name. Day. Fasts and Feasts. Fast of Tebet. 18 Lag B'Omer.. Rosh-Chodesh. First Day of Pentecost. ..Friday, October 13, 1911 .Saturday, October 14, 1911 Sunday, October 15, 1911 .Sun.-Mon., Oct. 22-23, 1911 Tues.-Wed., Nov. 22-23, 1911 First Day of Chanukah..Saturday, December 16, 1911 Thirty-third Day of Omer. -Month Day. 1 ...10 Year. No. Name. $72 4 Tebet 3672 4 Tebet Fasts and Feasts. Rosh Chodesh.. Gregorian Date. Thurs.-Fri., Dec. 21-22, 1911 5672 5 Sh'vat .......... 1 The year 1329 is the 9th of the 45th cycle of 30 years. Month Lasts. Years. No. Name. Begins. days. 1929... 1...Muharrem...Jan. 2, 1911 1...2...Saphar ....Feb. 1, 1911 139... 3...Rabia I.....Mch. 2, 1911 ... 4... Rabia II....Apr. 1, 1911 39... 5...Jomhardi I..May 30, 1911 1829... 6...Jomhardi II. May 30, 1911 129... 7...Rajab ......June 28, 1911 'Fasting. 29 29 30 29 In the Roman (Julian) Calendar the months corresponded exactly with our own, expting that down to the time of the Emperor Augustus the fifth and sixth months the year-which, with the Romans, began with March-were called Quintilis and Sextilis; afterward they were named in honor of the Emperors Julius and Augustus. in reckoning the days of each month three hxed points were taken, and any particular day was said to be so many days before the next coming fixed day. hese three points were (1) the Kalends, by which name the first of each month known; (2) the Nones, which fell on the seventh day of the month in March, Yay, July and October, and on the fifth day in each of the other months; and the Idea, which always fell eight days after the Nones. THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY CALENDAR. This Calendar, although reckoned from September 22, 1792, was not introduced 2 November 22, 1793. It remained in use till December 31, 1805. The Gregorian Cendar was restored January 1, 1806 (Nivose 10. Year xiv). The months varied in different years. Nivôse commenced December 21 in 1793, December 22 in 1804 and 156. The following are the dates for the year 1804, the last complete year of the calendar: Vendémiaire (Vintage), Sept. 23-Oct. 22. Germinal (Budding), Mar. 22-Apr. 21. The months were divided into three parts of ten days each, but to make up the days five days were added at the end of September: (Primidi), dedicated to Virtue; Food) to Genius; (Tridi) to Labor; (Quaruidi) to Opinion; and the fifth (Quint.di) Rewards. To Leap Year, called Olympic, a sixth day, September 22 or 23 (Sextidi), Jour de la Révolution," was added. THE SIGNS AND CONSTELLATIONS OF THE ZODIAC. Until recently we supposed that the present relationship between the signs and tellations of the zodiac was generally understood, as all astronomical text books ention their disagreement and explain the cause. The numerous letters of inquiry erning differences between this data in this almanac and certain others show e necessity for this note of explanation. Cations. Thousands of years ago, the zodiac, that belt of the heavens, about 16° in width, Thin which move the moon and planets, was formed and divided into twelve 8 or seasons called signs, each containing certain star groups called conEach was given a name of an object or animal, which never did bear relationship to the configuration of the stars in that group or division, but did, or is supposed to, have reference to certain astronomical or other facts. Libra, the scales or balance, comes at the autumnal equinox, when there an equilibrium or balance between the length of day and night the world over. Marius, the water bearer, and whose sign is the Egyptian sign for running ater, comes at the season of greatest rains in Egypt, etc. Since the time when these div.sions were made and named, owing to the precesof the equinoxes, resulting from the differing polar and equatorial diameters The earth, the signs have moved back west nearly a whole division, or constella, and where P was the first, now is. Hence though the sun now enters the March 20, it is a month later when he enters the constellation . It must apparent, therefore, that any supposed influence or relationship which early asgers attributed to the position of the sun. moon or plane s when in certain these divisions can no longer exist, as the sign now only represents that space vision of the zodiac where the controlling constellation was 2.000 or more years but is not now. Nevertheless, some almanacs still give the signs for the moon's which is very misleading to those who attempt to follow her in her course ng the stars. Hence, this almanac gives the constellation and discards the anpicture of the disembowelled man as relics of the age of superstition. la retained for sun's place in the seasons and sun's place each month because Its relationship to the equinoxes and solstices. The |