result that many natives are now receiving full value for their goods. The proceeds of all sales are sent to the individual natives, applied to the settlement of their accounts with the Seattle merchants, or placed to their credit in savings banks, as requested, and detailed account is kept of all transactions. The net proceeds of the furs, ivory, and whalebone thus sold in Seattle for the natives during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, was $4,615.90.

The captain of the vessel which for the past seven years has made the annual delivery of supplies to settlements along the Arctic coast of Alaska has carried many tons of food supplies, packages of clothing, and household goods, purchased with the proceeds of the sale of furs and other commodities sent out by the natives during the previous summer. All transactions in connection with these sales, purchases, and shipments have hitherto been carried on under the general oversight of the chief of the Alaska Division of the Bureau of Education, acting as a private individual. This philanthropic action, inaugurated as an emergency measure, has now received official sanction by the Department of the Interior and has been made part of the official duties of the chief of the Alaska Division, who is under bond for the faithful performance of the same.

During the summer of 1913 the natives of Tatitlek, under the instruction and supervision of the teacher, conducted a successful experiment in salting and exporting salmon bellies. The Bureau of Education provided the fishing equipment, including a drag seine and two gill nets, and a wholesale dealer in salt fish in Seattle furnished the salt and barrels and guaranteed the natives stipulated prices for the various species of salmon. This industry was continued during 1914, and 165 barrels of salted salmon bellies were exported during the season.

The waters of Alaska teem with fish, and throughout its vast area wild berries grow in profusion. In the native villages, according to the ancient practice, the fish for winter use are either dried in the sun, crudely smoked, or buried in the earth, while the berries are preserved in oil. In order to replace these primitive methods, during the summer of 1914 steam-pressure home-canning outfits for use in preserving fish and meat, as well as berries and vegetables, were sent to Mountain Village, on the Yukon River, and to Klukwan and Metlakahtla, in southeastern Alaska. It is hoped that many natives will buy such outfits; their general use can not fail to have a beneficial effect upon the health of the native communities.

The Bureau of Education fosters the establishment of cooperative enterprises owned and managed by the natives themselves. That the natives can, under proper supervision, successfully conduct their own enterprises has been demonstrated at Hydaburg, Klawock,

Atka, and St. Lawrence Island, where cooperative stores have been in operation for some years. In their own cooperative stores the natives secure articles of food, clothing, and furniture at equitable prices, and the shareholders divide among themselves the profits which would otherwise go to a middleman.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

The imperative necessity for adequate and special provision by congressional appropriation for the medical relief of the Eskimos, Indians, Aleuts, and other natives of Alaska can not be too strongly urged. Year after year this matter has been brought to the attention of Congress, without success. As an emergency measure, dictated by the absolute necessity for action, part of the education appropriation continues to be used for the checking of disease in the native communities. Three school buildings have been remodeled for use as improvised hospitals, a few physicians and nurses have been employed, and the teachers have been supplied with simple remedies to enable them to treat minor ailments. This makeshift arrangement should be replaced by an adequate medical service such as has been repeatedly recommended by the Bureau of Education in the estimates submitted to Congress.

One of the greatest difficulties with which those responsible for the work of the Bureau of Education have to contend is the fact that the congressional appropriation for the support of this work is usually not available until the end of August. With the exception of its southern coast, all of Alaska is icebound for eight months of the year. It is only during July, August, and September that supplies can be delivered at places in the interior of Alaska and on the shores of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. In order to insure delivery before those regions are again closed by ice, supplies should leave Seattle not later than June 1 of each year. It is therefore recommended that the estimates for the support of the work of the Bureau of Education in Alaska be taken out of the sundry civil bill and included in the urgent deficiency bill.

It is recommended that the appropriations for the support of the Alaska school service and of the Alaska reindeer service be made reimbursable, as is the case with regard to several of the appropriations for the support of the Indian Service in the States. Some of the school gardens produce vegetables in excess of immediate needs. It is probable that the surplus product of these gardens, also the baskets and other native work done in connection with the school service, could be made productive of considerable income. By the sale of meat and hides the reindeer service could probably be made self-supporting.

THE REINDEER SERVICE.

The reports from the reindeer stations for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, show a total of 57,872 reindeer distributed among 65 herds. Of the 57,872 reindeer, 37,828, or 66 per cent, were owned by 980 natives; 4,113, or 7 per cent, were owned by the United States; 5,924, or 10 per cent, were owned by missions; and 10,007, or 17 per cent, were owned by Lapps. The total income of the natives from the reindeer industry during the fiscal year, exclusive of the meat and hides used by the natives themselves, was $77,934. The total, 57,872, is a net increase of 22 per cent during the fiscal year, notwithstanding the fact that nearly 6,000 reindeer were killed for meat and skins during the year.

No deterioration in the herds on account of inbreeding has been noted. On the contrary, the chief of the Alaska Division maintains that the reindeer now in Alaska are larger animals than those which comprised the original stock imported from Siberia, that Alaska affords a better range than Siberia, and that the climate is better adapted to the reindeer industry. The herds in Alaska average more than 700 reindeer each, so that the danger of inbreeding can not be serious. The introduction of wild caribou into some of the herds has increased the size of the reindeer in those herds.

The greatest menace to the reindeer industry are the fires, usually started in the neighborhood of mining camps, which sometimes cause the wanton destruction of vast stretches of valuable grazing lands.

The reindeer industry is now extending from the mainland to the outlying islands. During August, 1914, upon the request of the Department of the Interior, the Revenue cutter Manning conveyed a herd of 40 reindeer from Ugashik, on the Alaska Peninsula, to Atka, a remote island in the Aleutian chain, where it will be a valuable factor in alleviating the deplorable conditions which have hitherto prevailed upon that desolate island. The extension of the reindeer industry into southeast Alaska was begun by the shipment to Metlakahtla, on Annette Island, of 8 reindeer from the herd in the vicinity of Nome.

The Bureau of Education is distributing the reindeer as rapidly as the natives can be trained to individual ownership, the policy being to encourage independence and initiative among the native population. The distribution of reindeer is in charge of the United States schoolteachers, and it is expected that the Government will distribute all its reindeer within the next four years.

In August, 1911, 40 reindeer were delivered to the Department of Commerce for use in stocking St. Paul and St. George Islands; in June, 1914, the number of reindeer on those islands had increased to 133, of which 75 were on St. Paul and 58 on St. George.

By Executive order the Aleutian Islands have been set aside as a reservation under the Department of Agriculture and the Depart

ment of Commerce for the conservation of fish and fur-bearing animals, and for the raising of reindeer. In compliance with the request of the Department of Agriculture, 55 reindeer were delivered to that department during September, 1913, from one of the herds of the Department of the Interior on the Alaska Peninsula, of which 19 were landed on Amaknak Island and 36 on Umnak Island, of the Aleutian chain.

Hitherto no special endeavor has been made to foster the exportation of reindeer meat from Alaska, in view of the fact that most of the reindeer butchered have been required to supply the local markets in Alaska. It appears that such exportation is now desirable. The last steamer to leave Nome before the close of navigation by ice brought to Seattle 25 carcasses of reindeer. These were placed on sale in Seattle, retailing at from 20 to 35 cents per pound. The chief of the Alaska Division also brought from Nome 3 carcasses to be distributed among the five transcontinental railway lines running out of Seattle, in order that reindeer meat might be given a trial on the dining cars, with a view to securing for the natives contracts for the delivery of reindeer meat each season.

Soon after the inception of the reindeer enterprise certain Lapps. were brought from Lapland to Alaska and employed by the Bureau of Education as instructors of the Eskimos in the care and management of the reindeer, each Lapp receiving a certain number of reindeer in payment for his services. During the summer of 1914 a company, organized at Nome, purchased about 1,200 reindeer from one of these Lapps. This company intends to purchase other herds now owned by Lapps, and to engage in the exportation of reindeer meat on a large scale.

THE SCHOOLS OF HAWAII.

The unusual racial situation that complicates the task of education in Hawaii may be seen from the following: There are in the Territory 6,377 native Hawaiians in the public schools and 1,737 in the private schools. The Japanese in the public schools number 10,329, with 1,179 in the private schools; while the Chinese have 2,638 in the public and 974 in the private schools. Of Portuguese the public schools have 4,329, and the private schools 1,071. The public schools have also 920 Spanish pupils and 717 Porto Ricans. There are only 635 American pupils in the public schools, but there are 768 in the private schools. There are of British, Germans, Russians, and Filipinos in the public schools about an equal number, not over 200 of each nationality.

The total of 33,288 pupils of various nationalities, distributed out of all proportion among the native population, presents, therefore, a problem for the Hawaiian public schools not equaled by another section under the jurisdiction of the United States.

In the 168 public schools in the Territory there are 571 female and 142 male teachers. Of the 26,990 pupils enrolled in the public schools, the average attendance reaches 25,019. The island of Oahu, which has the largest number of pupils, 10,659, has a record of 10,576 as the average attendance.

The total number of pupils in all Hawaiian schools for the year amounts to 33,288, an increase of only 350 as compared with an increase of 3,029 last year. The public-school pupils, who number this year 26,990, increased 1,359 over last year; while the privateschool pupils, now numbering only 6,298, show a loss of 1,009 in comparison with last year.

The Japanese still furnish the largest number of pupils, totaling 11,508 for the year; but the increase is but 518 as against 1,692 last year. The Portuguese pupils come next in representation with 5,400 in all schools, but this is 97 less than reported a year ago. On the other hand the part-Hawaiians, who numbered less than the Hawaiians in previous reports, this year take the third place, outnumbering the latter by 216. The percentage of part-Hawaiian pupils in the Territory for 1914 is 12.51 of the total enrollment in all schools.

As to teachers in both the public and private schools of the Territory, by far the largest number of any nationality are Americans. There are 290 of these in the public and 221 in the private schools of the islands. There are 176 part-Hawaiian public-school teachers. There are also 68 Portuguese and 30 Chinese. The total publicschool teaching force is 713.

The following tables show the statistics in regard to schools:

Expenditures for public schools, by fiscal years, since organization of Territorial government.1

1 Exclusive of purchase of sites for schools and expenditures for the College of Hawaii. The amounts for maintenance and new buildings for the last five years include expenditures by the counties on buildings and grounds as follows: Maintenance, $35,752.96, $32,403.63, $47,799.49, $43,365.68, and $62,098.28; and new buildings, $4,243.41, $4,453.55, $13,106.71, $34,064.99, and $11,262.27, for 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914, respectively.