All other normal art schools are departments of schools of art or of normal schools. At the Art Institute of Chicago, Teachers College of Columbia University and Pratt Institute in New York, Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art in Philadelphia, and a few others the normal art department is separately organized, with a principal and a number of teachers. These schools have the benefit of giving instruction in general cultural branches, have an art museum affiliated with the school, and other advantages. The courses are similar to those of the Massachusetts Normal Art School.

In the normal schools, drawing is given sometimes for only two or three hours a week, while in others there are well-planned courses of as many as 20 hours a week for 36 weeks in the year, and other related studies are offered. Out of 199 schools with courses for training art teachers, 43 offer 10 hours a week or more of drawing and painting.1 The summer courses in normal art are among the most important offered. They are indicated in the list at the end of this chapter.

6. ARTISTIC COURSES IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.

A special study of the courses in history of art in universities and colleges was carried on by a committee of the Western Drawing and Manual Training Teachers Association. This committee in 1912 developed into the College Art Association, which has continued investigations along these lines. At the annual convention in December, 1913, the assertion of Prof. O. S. Tonks, of Vassar College, in a paper on "The Teaching of Art in the College," that technical work in drawing, painting, and modeling, had no place in the college course aroused much discussion. A majority of those present favored technical work as a laboratory process, supplementing the study of the theory, history, and philosophy of æsthetics. Prof. Arthur Pope, of Harvard University, gave a detailed and illustrated presentation of "Drawing and Painting in College Courses" as developed at Harvard, wherein he showed that the purpose of these courses was emphasized as cultural rather than professional and as comparable to methods of teaching English composition.

A pamphlet on the "Study of the History of Art in the Colleges and Universities of the United States" (published by Princeton University Press), was prepared by E. Baldwin Smith for the tenth International Congress of Art Historians, which met in Rome in October, 1912. Four hundred institutions were communicated with, and 95 of these gave art history, but only 68 adequately-that is, with a special chair in art history or archæology. The latest addition to this list

1 See Education Bulletin, 1914, No. 13, "Present Status of Drawing and Art in the Elementary and Secondary Schools of the United States."

is Columbia University, to which $100,000 was bequeathed by Hugo Reisinger in 1914 to found a chair of art history.

Appreciation is a comparatively new development of the old historical method. The facts of names, dates, and periods can be found in books, but an appreciation of the aesthetic quality of a work can be gained much more readily through the spoken word. Art appreciation has for some years been treated as a special subject in the department of fine arts of Teachers College, Columbia University, New York. The only other colleges that list a similar course are Augustana College, Rock Island, Ill.; Denison University, Granville, Ohio; Ohio State University, Columbus; Roanoke College, Salem, Va.; and Simmons College, Boston, Mass.

CONCLUSION.

A table on the following page summarizes the art schools in the United States. It would seem from these enrollment figures that the number of young men and women who are attempting to be painters of easel pictures and sculptors of monumental works is quite out of proportion to those who aim to produce beautiful objects for everyday use. There is, however, a redeeming feature to this situation. Every individual who attempts to draw or model learns to enjoy beauty and becomes a sympathetic and appreciative audience for the professional artist. Much is done in the elementary and secondary schools in the United States in cultivating the appreciative powers and in creating intelligent consumers. Organizations outside the school systems have given valuable assistance to the work, the Public School Art Society of Chicago and the School Art League of New York being the most prominent.

The art education of the country as a whole lacks coordination. We seem to have begun at the wrong end, having many schools devoted to academic work in contrast to a few industrial art schools. A definite scheme should have: (1) Drawing in the elementary schools as a means of developing appreciation; (2) technical ability, to be gained in the secondary schools; (3) industrial art schools, where design is developed for specialized uses and the technical processes are mastered; (4) academic schools for the few who have shown unusual talent.

In some European cities there is a system of small scholarships which gradually eliminates the less talented pupils, but gives continued and increasing support to the unusually gifted. The Federal, State, and city governments might do much to encourage progress in the fine and industrial arts in the United States by establishing some similar system of scholarships.

LIST OF ART SCHOOLS, CLASSIFIED AS TO MANAGEMENT.

I. AFFILIATED WITH ART MUSEUMS.

San Francisco, Cal.—California School of Design.

Washington, D. C.-Corcoran School of Art.

Chicago, Ill.-Art Institute of Chicago.

Indianapolis, Ind.-School of the John Herron Art Institute.

Boston, Mass.-School of the Museum of Fine Arts.

Worcester, Mass.-School of the Worcester Art Museum.

Minneapolis, Minn. Minneapolis School of Art.

Buffalo, N. Y.-—Art School of the Albright Art Gallery.

New York, N. Y.-Cooper Union.

Cincinnati, Ohio.-Art Academy.

Toledo, Ohio.-School of the Toledo Museum of Art.

Portland, Oreg.-School of the Portland Art Association.

Philadelphia, Pa.-Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art.

II. AFFILIATED WITH ART SOCIETIES.

Birmingham, Ala.--Birmingham Society of Architects.
Los Angeles, Cal.-Architectural Club Atelier.
San Francisco, Cal.-San Francisco Architectural Club.
Culebra, Canal Zone.-Hitt Atelier.

Hartford, Conn.—School of the Art Society of Hartford.
Washington, D. C.-Washington Architectural Club.

Chicago, Ill.-Bennett-Rebori Atelier. Chicago Architectural Club Atelier.
Indianapolis, Ind.-Indianapolis Architectural Club.

New Orleans, La.-Favrot and Livaudais Atelier.

Baltimore, Md.-Charcoal Club.

Boston, Mass.-Boston Architectural Club. Copley Society.

Bourne, Mass.-Old Colony Union.

Melrose, Mass.-Arts and Crafts Society.

New Bedford, Mass.--Architectural Atelier.

Detroit, Mich.-Detroit Atelier.

Minneapolis, Minn.-Handicraft Guild School of Design.

St. Paul, Minn.-St. Paul Institute School of Art.

Kansas City, Mo.-Fine Arts Institute School. Kansas City Chapter, American Institute of Architects.

Manchester, N. H.-Manchester Institute of Arts and Sciences.

Ocean Grove, N. J.-Cook Atelier.

New York, N. Y.-Corbett Atelier. Hirons Atelier. Hornbostel Atelier. Licht Atelier. National Academy of Design Free Schools. Sculpture Studio. Society of Beaux-Arts. Ware-Wynkoop Atelier.

Poughkeepsie, N. Y.-Smith Atelier.

Akron, Ohio.-Akron Architectural Club.

Cincinnati, Ohio.-Cincinnati Architectural Club.

Cleveland, Ohio.-Cleveland Architectural Club.

Columbus, Ohio.-Columbus Architectural Club. Columbus Art School.

Portland, Oreg.-Portland Architectural Club.

Philadelphia, Pa.-T Square Club.

Pittsburgh, Pa.-Hood Atelier.

Wilkes-Barre, Pa.-Atherton Atelier.

Newport, R. I.-Newport Art Association.

Richmond, Va.-Art School of the Art Club of Richmond.

Seattle, Wash.-Seattle Architectural Club.

III. ENDOWED INDEPENDENT ART SCHOOLS.

Pasadena, Cal.-Stickney Memorial School of Fine Arts.

Norwich, Conn.-Norwich Free Academy, Art Department.

Baltimore, Md.-Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts. Rinehart School of Sculpture.

New Bedford, Mass.-Swain Free School of Design.

Newark, N. J.-Fawcett School of Industrial Art. Newark Technical School.

Trenton, N. J.-School of Industrial Arts.

New York, N. Y.-New York School of Applied Design for Women.

Cleveland, Ohio.-Cleveland School of Art.

Philadelphia, Pa.-Philadelphia School of Design for Women.

Providence, R. I.-Rhode Island School of Design (Museum has grown up around the school).

IV. COOPERATIVE.

Boothbay Harbor, Me.-Art Colony, Summer School.

New York, N. Y.-Art Students' League of New York.

V. MAINTAINED BY PUBLIC FUNDS.

Boston, Mass.-Massachusetts Normal Art School.

Alfred, N. Y.-New York State School of Clay-Working and Ceramics.
New York, N. Y.-New York Evening School of Industrial Art.
Philadelphia, Pa.-Public Industrial Art School.

VI. UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, AND DEPARTMENTAL INSTITUTIONS HAVING SCHOOLS

OF ART.

Auburn, Ala.-Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Department of Architecture.
Livingston, Ala.-Alabama Normal College, Art Department.

Berkeley, Cal.-University of California, School of Architecture.

Fresno, Cal.-Fresno State Normal School, Art Department.

Los Angeles, Cal.-University of Southern California, College of Fine Arts.
Santa Barbara, Cal.-State Normal School of Manual Arts and Home Economics.
Santa Clara, Cal.-University of Santa Clara, College of Architecture.

Stanford University, Cal.-Leland Stanford Junior University, Department of Education.

Boulder, Colo.-Colorado Chautauqua School of Art.

New Haven, Conn.-Yale School of the Fine Arts.

Washington, D. C.-Catholic University of America, College of Architecture. George Washington University, Department of Architecture. Howard University, College of Architecture (colored).

Atlanta, Ga.-Georgia School of Technology, Department of Architecture. University of Georgia, College of Architecture.

Chicago, Ill.-University of Chicago, Department of Fine and Industrial Art.
De Kalb, Ill.-Northern Illinois State Normal School, Normal Department,
Decatur, Ill.-James Millikin University, School of Fine and Applied Arts.
Jacksonville, Ill.-Illinois Woman's College, School of Fine Arts.
Peoria, Ill.-Bradley Polytechnic Institute, School of Arts and Sciences.
Urbana, IlI.-University of Illinois, Department of Architecture.
Angola, Ind.-Tri-State College, Department of Normal Art.
Bloomington, Ind.-Indiana State University, Normal Art Course.
Notre Dame, Ind.-University of Notre Dame, College of Architecture.
Des Moines, Iowa.-Des Moines College, Department of Normal Art.
Iowa City, Iowa.-State University of Iowa, College of Fine Arts.

Lawrence, Kans.-University of Kansas, Department of Drawing and Painting.
Lindsborg, Kans.--Bethany College, Department of Fine Arts.

Manhattan, Kans.-Kansas State Agricultural College, Department of Architecture and Drawing.

Bowling Green, Ky.-Western Kentucky State Normal School, Art Department.
Louisville, Ky.-University of Louisville, Department of Architecture.
Baton Rouge, La.-Louisiana State University, College of Architecture.

New Orleans, La.-Tulane University of Louisiana, Department of Architecture. Tulane University of Louisiana, Newcomb College School of Art.

Boston, Mass.-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture. Cambridge, Mass.-Harvard University, School of Architecture. Harvard University, School of Landscape Architecture.

Groton, Mass.-Lowthorpe School of Landscape Architecture.

Hyannis, Mass.-State Normal School, Art Department of Summer School.

Wellesley, Mass.-Wellesley College, Art Department.

Ann Arbor, Mich.-University of Michigan, Department of Architecture.

Kalamazoo, Mich.-Western State Normal School, Art Department.

Minneapolis, Minn.-University of Minnesota, Department of Architecture.

Jackson, Miss.-Bellhaven Collegiate and Industrial Institute, Art Department. St. Louis, Mo.-Washington University, School of Architecture. Washington University, School of Fine Arts.

Warrensburg, Mo.-State Normal School, Art Department.
Lincoln, Nebr.-University of Nebraska, School of Fine Arts.
Plymouth, N. H.-Plymouth Normal School, Art Department.